拉卜楞地区旅游可持续发展初探

旅游业作为一个产业部门，其发展必须符合整个社会的可持续发展战略。旅游业可持续发展是基于可持续发展理论和旅游业发展中产生的日益突出的环境、经济和社会问题提出来的。它强调在发展旅游，满足旅游者和旅游地居民当前的各种需要的同时，要保护好自然和文化环境，保持和增进未来发展机会，以达到经济、生态、社会三方面的协调统一和综合效益的最大化。     

长江上游民族地区生态经济系统

长江上游民族地区的面积占全流域面积的38%,其生态环境的恢复和保护对全流域的可持续发展具有决定性的意义。1998年以后,国家先后在这里实施天然林资源保护工程、生态环境重点治理工程、退耕还林试点工程,进行生态环境的保护和恢复。当生态环境保护和当地经济发展、少数民族群众生活改善相结合,生态环境的恢复与保护才有可持续性。只有对长江上游民族地区的所有传统产业进行生态化改造,并发展新的生态经济部门,在这里建立生态经济系统,才能达到既保护生态环境,又发展经济,改善人民生活的目的,也才能真正实现全流域的可持续发展。     

论民族地区旅游发展与民族文化保护——社区居民参与的视角

社区参与是旅游业可持续发展的重要保障,也是中国少数民族地区民族文化保护的重要途径.但是,目前在开展旅游的少数民族地区,民族文化被同化的现象日益突出,严重影响了民族社区文化旅游开发和民族社区的可持续发展.结合旅游发展的实际,探讨社区参与作为一种策略在保护民族文化中的措施和遇到的问题及其解决途径,对中国少数民族地区旅游业的发展具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

民族地区可持续发展路径探讨

可持续发展代表一种新的价值观,其核心理念是可持续性,强调社会、经济、环境的协调发展.我国民族地区的生态资源优势、伦理文化优势和民族区域自治的政治优势为实现可持续发展提供了良好的条件.本文研究了民族地区实现可持续发展的途径,提出了发扬少数民族文化,培育"生态公民"意识,发展特色循环经济等对策.     

民国时期青藏地区的旅游者行为研究

民国时期的青藏地区,由于其独特的自然人文环境,吸引了大量国内外旅游者.在当前国内的旅游发展中,青藏地区已经成为发展最快、潜力最大的区域之一.本着“知古鉴今”的思想,本文基于大量的史料考证,探讨民国时期青藏地区不同类型旅游者的旅游行为特征,深入认知民国时期青藏地区的旅游现象,以期为当前青藏地区的旅游业发展提供有益的参考价值.研究显示,政务交流型、宗教朝拜型、科学考察型和政治探险型的旅游者行为有着较大的区别,并且不同类型旅游者的时空特征也有着一定的差异,这对于该区域的旅游产业空间优化具有一定的指导意义.     

“丝路经济”视角下青海省科技创新能力评价

随着“一带一路”合作发展理念的提出,科技创新作为“丝路经济”发展的动力而备受关注,青海省作为贯穿南北丝绸之路的桥梁和纽带,其科技创新能力显得尤为重要.本文结合丝绸之路经济带建设的特点,从科技创新过程着眼,将科技创新投入产出进行了一定延伸,拟构建青海省科技创新能力评价的指标体系,并运用AHP-灰色关联度评价模型对其科技创新能力进行了综合评价.研究发现:青海省科技创新能力大体呈现快速发展趋势,2013年至2014年得到了大幅度提升,这为青海省推进丝路经济带建设奠定了重要基础.但在基础设施建设、人力投入及环境效益等方面仍亟需改善.     

民族地区游客行为感知与忠诚度分析——以湘西州为例

民族地区游客忠诚度研究有利于民族旅游业针对游客的行为感知进行旅游产品迭代提质。通过问卷调查获取旅游者行为感知、满意度与忠诚度相关数据,运用结构方程模型构建旅游者忠诚度驱动因素模型,能达到较好的测试效果,从而揭示旅游者行为感知、综合满意度与旅游者忠诚度的影响机理。对旅游者进行长期跟踪调查能够提升研究质量。     

大力发展旅游业促进西部民族地区小康社会建设

旅游业是西部民族地区的优势产业.旅游业的发展对西部民族地区全面建设小康社会意义重大.全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的提出,为西部民族地区旅游业的大发展提供了良好机遇、绝大动力和深厚基础.西部民族地区应该抓住有利时机,采取创新战略、跨越式发展战略和可持续发展战略大力发展旅游业,通过旅游业的发展带动该地区的全面小康社会建设.     

民族地区农业生态环境补偿及其制度研究

农业生态环境补偿的实质是建立利益相关者之间的利益分配和协调关系,通过这种稳定的关系来促进农业生态环境保护.其制度的属性是一种稳定的可持续性的利益联结,能够对保护者产生激励作用和协调作用,从而实现农业生产、农牧民增收和农业生态环境保护多重效益.建立健全民族地区的农业生态环境补偿制度,加快农业生产中的“补偿”式发展,守住民族地区农业生态环境底线,同步推动农业生产效率提升与生态环境损害下降,是民族地区经济可持续发展的必需.     

试论生态人类学对西藏旅游业的意义

生态人类学注重环境和文化的互动.从生态人类学的角度研究西藏旅游现象和问题,可以使人类学研究和旅游业的发展相得益彰,在增进人们的相互理解和尊重的同时,促使旅游业走上更加健康和谐的可持续发展之路.     

敖鲁古雅鄂温克族乡经济发展的战略思考

敖鲁古雅鄂温克族乡是我国最后一个移民乡和惟一一个驯鹿养殖基地。特殊的地理环境,独特的民族文化和生产方式,决定了其经济发展必然走驯鹿产业化和发展原生态旅游业之路,发挥城乡边缘区的补充功能,借区域经济发展之力,发挥自身的资源优势,以实现经济的快速和可持续发展。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

少数民族地区社区参与旅游的影响因素与措施

社区参与旅游是实现旅游业可持续发展的有效途径。少数民族地区由于旅游资源和环境的独特性,旅游业的发展更离不开社区的参与合作。通过对少数民族地区社区参与旅游发展的意义和影响因素分析,提出了少数民族地区社区参与旅游发展的措施。     

发展人类学视野中的文化生态旅游开发——以云南泸沽湖为例

本文评述了20世纪60年代兴起的发展人类学主要研究理论、方法和发展趋势;讨论发展人类学对文化生态旅游可持续发展的贡献;描述云南泸沽湖地区自上个世纪80年代以来大力发展摩梭民族文化生态旅游的过程;并应用发展人类学的理论和方法来解读摩梭民族文化生态旅游的发展,在充分肯定其所取得巨大成绩后,从发展意识、社区参与、权力问题和利益相关者四个方面,探讨其所面临的困境和可采取的对策,以实现其可持续地和负责任地发展。     

吉首市构建大湘西新型旅游中心城市的探讨

本文通过对吉首市构建大湘西新型旅游中心城市的必要性以及其构建的基础条件和存在问题进行分析,就有关吉首市旅游发展定位、区域旅游一体化、吉首旅游资源整合、新型城镇化和新型工业化建设等几方面进行了深入探讨,提出了建设大湘西新型旅游中心城市的基本思路和对策,为吉首市的可持续发展提供参考。     

青海民俗文化的发掘与青海旅游业的发展

青海拥有丰富的人文旅游资源,尤其是民俗旅游资源种类繁多、民族个性鲜明,是青海旅游业赖以发展的重要基础。本文对青海民俗旅游资源进行了简单的分类,提出了开发中的一些思路,旨在说明,促进青海旅游业健康发展,必须挖掘青海旅游文化之内涵。     

吉隆沟生态资源考察与旅游开发评价

吉隆沟是一个位于喜马拉雅山深处、几乎与世隔绝的高原峡谷,由于特殊的地理环境使这里形成了在喜马拉雅地区具有典型代表性的垂直生态体系,被誉为"高原地区最丰富的物种基因库"和"世界上最美丽的峡谷",随着中尼边境吉隆口岸建设计划的推进,吉隆峡谷的开发越来越迫在眉睫。文章在实地考察的基础上,对峡谷内的生态资源进行了科学评价,并初步提出了以徒步旅游为主要形式、生态旅游为主题的开发设想,为吉隆沟的开发建设提出一条建立在可持续发展基础上的发展之路。     

西部民族地区旅游生态补偿政策实施的实践探索

The ethnic regions of Western Chi￣na are rich in ecological and cultural tourism re￣sources. At the same time, the regions are also ec￣ologically vulnerable areas with large populations of ethnic groups who have lived for a long time in poverty. Based on years’ investigation, it is obvi￣ous that tourism development, even though it can promote local economic development, has had a significant negative impact on the ecology, envi￣ronment and local communities. During the 18 th and 17 th National Congresses of the Communist Pary of China, a policy was announced to improve ecological compensation and accelerate the estab￣lishment of an ecological compensation mecha￣nism. So far, both government and academia have mainly focused on the effects and necessities of building a mechanism for ecological compensation. Of special concern, even if governments at all lev￣els sequentially enacted a series of policie with cer￣tain characteristics of ecological compensation, the public is still questioning the impartiality and legit￣imacy of the charges of such policy of ecological compensation. Thus, the task of implementing the ecological compensation policy faces many obsta￣cles. At present, the core research issue on eco￣logical compensation is no longer just the question of why it should be charged. This question was al￣ready clearly stated in official documents from cen￣tral government. Up to now, the core issues that need clarification are:in practice, how the charge be made; what amount of money should be charged;how will the revenue from the charge be used;how will the revenue derived from the charge be audited; and whether or not this charge can help to achieve government objectives in such a way.
Based on the unique background of the ethnic regions of Western China, this paper deeply analy￣ses issues of implementing policies such as ecologi￣cal compensation for tourism, including the illegi￣bility and legitimacy of who should pay, how much should be paid, and how to manage the funds im￣partially; and providing scientific and reasonable countermeasures to solve these practical problems. Compared with other industries, the tourism indus￣try became the pioneer for the practice of ecologi￣cal compensation as well as the research objective of ecological compensation studies. Some research￣ers defined ecological compensation for tourism as a system of regulating related ecological interests to protect the ecosystems of tourism destinations and promote sustainable development of the tourism in￣dustry ( Zhang Yiqun, Yang Guihua, 2012 ) . Al￣though such a definition is still fuzzy, at least it in￣dicates that the research of ecological compensation for tourism involves interdisciplinary fields inclu￣ding Economics, Sociology, Ecology and Tourism, etc. Currently, the research of ecological compen￣sation for tourism has insufficient first hand empiri￣cal research data. At the same time it has not yet had nationwide impact, either domestically or over￣seas. The research on implementing policies for the ecological compensation of tourism is at an early stage in China.
Obviously, it is hard to find sufficient re￣search results or research methods for reference, which brings certain limitations to this paper. To demonstrate the scope of this study, this paper de￣fined tourism ecological compensation as exploring the feasibility of spending fiscal revenue ( paid by tourism enterprises, tourists or other stakeholders) on protecting natural ecological environment. Based on this definition, this paper generated three actual issues with regard to implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism, including the vagueness of the charge, the lack of unified, standard levies, and the non-tranparency of fund management. Combined with analyzing the current special background of implementing policies of ec￣ological compensation for tourism in the ethnic re￣gions of Western China, and by especially empha￣sizing the local communities of the ethnic groups who should be compensated, this paper tries to provide scientific and reasonable countermeasures consisting of implementing corresponding national policy, formulating correlated policy in accordance with local conditions and standardizing and institu￣tionalizing fund management. This paper not only attempts to support strongly implementing policies of ecological compensation for tourism at the insti￣tutional level, but also to coordinate the contradic￣tions between tourism development and ecological protection, and local community self - develop￣ment, hoping to achieve the win-win objectives of promoting an ecological compensation policy for tourism, tourism poverty alleviation and ecological civilization.     

"环青海湖民族体育圈"体育旅游资源开发研究

本文用文献资料法和问卷调查法对"环青海湖民族体育圈"体育旅游资源开发展开讨论。针对目前体育旅游资源开发中存在的问题,重点研究了开发对策。     

青海省居民收人差距的测度与回归预测

本文通过对青海省城乡居民收入状况的分析,对青海城乡居民的收入差距进行了基尼系数的测度,并对青海居民收入差距发展趋势进行了回归预测。