一孩青年父母再生育抉择的实证研究

目的：了解“全面二孩”政策对青年夫妇二孩生育意愿的影响,探求政策实施中的配套措施。方法：对南京市400名一孩青年父母进行实证调查,了解他们的再生育意愿及影响因素。结果：一孩青年父母有再生育意愿的仅占14%;一孩母亲的年龄越小、学历越高,家庭再生育意愿越高;意愿再生育的前三位原因分别是怕孩子成长孤单、减轻孩子养老压力和抵御失独风险;经济压力大、带教孩子太辛苦和年龄身体原因是不想再生育的前三位原因。结论：南京地区一孩青年父母的再生育意愿很低;传统的教育观、养老观、家庭观促进了二孩的生育意愿;功利主义教育观与攀比型生活方式阻碍了二孩的生育意愿。应积极倡导一对夫妇生育两个孩子;制定鼓励二孩生育的福利政策和完善教育服务体系;加强中华优秀传统文化的教育和社会主义核心价值观的宣传教育。     

性别角色态度对城镇育龄女性意愿生育数量的影响

基于2013年中国综合社会调查数据,文章分析了性别角色态度对城镇育龄女性意愿生育数量的影响。结果表明:女性性别角色态度越现代,意愿生育数量越少,反之则意愿生育数量越多;和男性相比,性别角色态度对女性意愿生育数量的影响更大。由于中国城镇育龄女性性别角色态度更趋向于现代,这可能不利于“全面二孩”政策的施行。为了推动“全面二孩”政策的实施,国家需要落实各方面配套政策,促使整个社会集体分担育儿责任。     

计划生育家庭结构对二孩生育意愿影响研究 ——以重庆市为例

本文利用重庆市2017年育龄妇女生育意愿抽样调查数据,采用二元Logistic回归模型对人口计生家庭结构特征对二孩生育意愿的影响进行了回归分析。研究发现：（1）育龄夫妇为“双独”“独子非独女”与“独女非独子”对二孩生育意愿影响显著且回归系数为正;（2）已有子女数对二孩生育意愿影响显著且回归系数为负;（3）已有子女性别对于二孩生育意愿影响显著且回归系数为负。文章认为有效提高二孩生育对于宏观经济社会可持续发展具有战略意义,从供给和需求层面做好二孩生育的综合配套政策,做到二孩生育及其后期相关成本在不同层面之间得到合理分摊。     

南充市城区已婚育龄妇女二孩生育意愿研究

2018年4—5月在四川省南充市城区采用便利抽样,以已婚且未育或已育一个小孩的育龄妇女为研究对象,采用自制匿名问卷,以面对面的形式收集资料,了解实施全面二孩政策后南充市育龄妇女的生育意愿,为南充市的人口研究提供参考依据。在213名调查对象中,56人(26.3%)有二孩生育意愿,140人(65.7%)无二孩生育意愿,17人(8.0%)不确定是否生育二孩。南充市被调查者的理想子女个数均值为1.46,意愿子女个数均值为1.27。不同文化程度(χ2=7.512)、配偶月收入(χ2=12.641)、理想子女数(χ2=66.401)、一孩性别(χ2=5.441)的育龄妇女间二孩生育意愿差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,第一个孩子性别为女孩(OR=2.641,P=0.021)、丈夫月收入越高(OR=1.761,P=0.028)、理想子女数多于1个(OR=29.040,P<0.001)的育龄妇女更有意愿生育二孩。南充市城区二孩生育意愿处于较低水平,经济收入、理想子女数、一孩性别会影响育龄妇女的二孩生育意愿。全面二孩政策对于促进育龄妇女生育二孩的效应有限,应当建立相关的配套政策,以促进全面二孩政策的实施。     

生育保险对女性再生育意愿的影响——基于2018年CLDS数据的分析

生育保险作为生育支持政策的重要内容，是影响女性再生育意愿的重要因素。基于当前我国人口生育率持续走低的现实背景，采用2018年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据，实证检验全面二孩政策实施以来，生育保险对已生育一孩女性的再生育意愿的影响。研究发现，相比无任何生育保险待遇的女性，享有生育保险待遇的女性再生育意愿高出7.7%。拥有生育保险能更显著地提升具有传统生育观念、独生子女家庭、城镇户口以及本科及以上学历的女性的再生育意愿。为此建议，应扩大生育保险覆盖范围，强化生育保险的生育支持功能，加强农村地区生育保障体系建设。     

新生代农民工“二孩”生育意愿与生育行为研究——基于河南省南阳市H镇的调研分析

生育意愿是影响实际生育水平的超前变量,是预测生育行为和生育水平的一个重要参数。新生代农民工"二孩"生育意愿普遍较强,为全面"二孩"政策的实施提供了广阔空间。他们的男孩偏好表现比较明显。子女的养育费用、照看孩子的精力和计生政策是影响新生代农民工生育意愿和生育行为的关键因素。应切实维护并保障女性农民工的"二孩"生育权益,加强出生人口监测和风险控制以防止"二孩"出生性别不均衡,以促进全面"二孩"政策的有效实施。     

城市两类育龄人群二孩生育意愿的影响因素研究

基于全国12城市调查数据,对城市两类育龄人群二孩生育意愿的影响因素进行研究,结果表明,对现有孩子数目不满意,是两类育龄人群想生二孩的最主要原因。祖辈支持、女方年龄、丈夫文化程度等,也都对他们是否想生育二孩有一定影响。但是,所生活的城市类型、夫妻的收入水平,与"双独、单独"一孩育龄人群的二孩生育意愿无关;只对"双非"一孩育龄人群的二孩生育意愿有显著影响。研究结论提示,影响一孩育龄人群二孩生育意愿的根本原因或许既不是经济条件,也不是个人精力或祖辈支持,而是育龄夫妇内心所具有的生育需求。同时,对于以"单独二孩"政策为背景进行的生育意愿调查中所得到的一些结论,当放到"全面二孩"背景中时,情况可能会发生变化。     

态度影响二孩生育吗?

通过计划行为理论的研究方法编制二孩生育态度问卷,在江苏省苏北地区SQ市和LY市县域内调查已育青年妇女,分析二孩生育态度对生育意愿、行为的影响。结果显示,态度项目中“生育二孩会诱发家庭矛盾”、“加重时间和精力负担”、“影响个人职业发展”的均分均低于2.6。自评家庭经济状况越好,二孩生育态度越积极（P<0.001）;学历为初中以下者生育态度明显消极（P=0.003）;全职妈妈的生育态度低于各类职员（P=0.006）。二孩生育意愿、行为与态度之间均存在非确定性因果关系（P<0.001）。政府应有针对性地开展二孩生育宣传与教育,尽快制定二孩生育配套政策,尤其是妇女就业、医疗、婴幼儿带教方面的优惠政策,切实减轻青年妇女生育二孩的各方面压力。     

生计资本对流动人口二孩生育意愿的影响分析--“单独二孩”政策向“全面二孩”政策转型视角

生育政策从“单独二孩”向“全面二孩”转型,顺应了抑制人口老龄化和促进经济发展的客观要求。根据2014年全国流动人口监测数据和2016年流动人口的深度访谈资料,分析了生育政策转型背景下,流动人口的生计资本对其二孩生育意愿的影响。结果发现,无论在“单独二孩”政策还是“全面二孩”政策下,金融资本和人力资本存量有助于促进二孩生育意愿;在物质资本方面,拥有住房反而弱化二孩生育意愿。因此,除了对生育政策进行调整之外,提升流动人口的生计能力,降低住房压力,是改善流动人口生育意愿的有效途径。     

意愿与行为：“生育主力”缘何不生

青年作为生育的主要承担者,其生育意愿的强弱直接影响到一个国家总和生育率的高低。本文对湖南省260名年龄在18—35岁的青年进行问卷调查,调查三孩政策背景下青年群体的生育意愿、生育行为及其影响因素,发现青年的生育意愿与生育行为呈现“双低”,有超过一半的受访者对全面三孩政策态度消极。在此基础上进一步分析影响因素,发现在现实因素上生养成本高和生活压力大的现实困境直接导致“不敢生”的生育困境;在文化观念因素上传统生育观的让位和个人主义、女性主义等思想的兴起带来了“不想生”的新兴思潮。针对上述成因,从积极帮扶女性发展、加强财政支持力度、构造有利于生育率回升的文化观念等方面提出政策建议。     

社会性别意识在生育行为和生育观中的重构

在社会性别的视角下,主要通过对不同经济收入村民、不同文化程度村民和不同年龄村民的微观实证考察的结果,尝试性地概括影响生育行为和生育观中社会性别意识的经济、文化和社会因素,以及社会性别意识在生育行为和生育观中的重要作用。     

Sub-Replacement Fertility Intentions in Austria

Combining the data of the 1986–2001 Microcensus surveys, I reconstruct trends in fertility intentions across time and over the life course of Austrian women born since the 1950s. Young adults in Austria expressed fertility intentions that were below the replacement-level threshold as early as in 1986 and women born since the mid-1950s consistently desired fewer than two children on average throughout their reproductive lives. A two-child family norm, however, still clearly dominates the fertility intentions of different age, cohort and education groups. Uncertainty about childbearing intentions is rather common, especially among younger and childless respondents. Different assumptions about reproductive preferences of undecided respondents affect estimates of the mean intended family size. Although Austrians were among the first in Europe to express low fertility intentions, their position is no longer unique. By the early 2000s, young women in a number of other European countries also expressed sub-replacement fertility intentions.     

Family Policies and Fertility in Norway

We address the relationship between family policies and fertility in Norway, including three somewhat different policies: parental leave, formal childcare, and the childcare cash benefit. We use administrative register data covering the period 1995–2004. Norwegian family policies are designed both to improve reconciliation of work and family and to improve childcare choices for parents. The analysis shows different patterns of work–family reconciliation and fertility choices among one-child couples and two-child couples. The parental leave policy is the most influential of the three policies on second-birth intensities, especially if parental leave is also taken by the father. The introduction of the childcare cash benefit is most influential on third-birth intensities. This means that policies that promote paternal involvement in childcare and gender equality are positively associated with second births, while policies giving more general family support are positively associated with third births.     

低生育率时代的中国生育政策调整——基于对低生育率社会经济负效应的分析

人口生育政策不是人口增长状况的唯一决定因素,人口增长也不是经济增长的唯一因素.从生育政策到人口增长再到经济增长与发展存在复杂的传导机制.人口控制政策为改革开放以来的经济增长贡献很大,但并不意味着"高经济增长、低人口增长"是中国长期经济增长的永恒模式.从经济学家关于危机和反危机的理论与一些国家的实践经验看,适当的人口增长有利于经济长期处于准繁荣状态,而持续低迷的人口增长不是长期经济增长的福音.     

生育文化、生育制度与生育率——兼论三孩生育政策及其配套支持措施的可能效果

随着中国少子老龄化程度的不断加深,如何促使生育率回升至适度水平成为政府和学界重点关注的议题,其中以三孩生育政策及其配套支持措施为代表的鼓励型生育制度和以“多子多福”为核心的传统生育文化被寄予厚望,希望借此帮助中国摆脱“低生育率陷阱”。然而,研究发现：中华文化圈国家或地区的生育率远低于其他国家与地区,而海外华人则是所在国生育率最低的族群之一,传统生育文化在现代社会已然发生了嬗变,对促使低生育率回升的作用已十分有限,取而代之的是“晚婚晚育少生优生甚至不婚不育”的现代生育文化,并形塑起一种内生性的低生育率机制。与此同时,欧洲和东亚国家通过构建鼓励型生育制度后依然深陷低生育率陷阱,无法有效刺激低生育率回升至适度水平。中国三孩生育政策及其配套支持措施的预期效果同样不容乐观,而生育文化、生育制度和生育率之间存在着十分复杂的互构关系,亟需从结构性和内生性的“文化—制度”视角去重新审视我国生育率转变的形成机制。     

The Delayed Fertility Transition in North-East Italy

The transitional decline of fertility in Italy has never been studied using micro-data, with the exception of small areas. For the first time, we use individual retrospective fertility data collected for all the ever married women living in 20 % of households subjected to census in 1971 in the Veneto region (North-East Italy), a ‘late-comer’ area in the context of Western European fertility decline (TFR = 5.0 in 1871 and 1921, 2.5 in 1951 and 1971). In order to consider broad explanations of fertility decline, we combine individual retrospective data with other information available at two territorial levels (58 districts and 582 municipalities), using a three-level clustered regression model (district, municipality, woman). The main results are: (1) even if the (few) women with 8 + years of schooling born in the last decades of the nineteenth century already had a TFR around two, this value is not seen among women with low levels of education until those born 50 years later; (2) the link between fertility and secularization strengthens cohort after cohort, whereas the connections between fertility and industrialization and fertility and urbanization weaken; (3) throughout the period, the statistical inverse relationship between education and fertility is strong, both at the territorial and individual level.     

Religion and Fertility in Contemporary Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland has been and continues to be deeply divided on the basis of religion. This paper examines and compares contemporary fertility in the two communities given the sharp declines that have occurred in recent decades. The data are drawn from the Northern Ireland Longitudinal Study and cover 108,000 women aged 16–44 in the period 1997–2007. A logit analysis of births in the period is undertaken based on individual demographic data and also the characteristics of the locality in which the woman is resident. The effect of religion is measured by its individual marginal effect averaged over the total sample, over time and by the age of the woman. The estimated average marginal effect is 4 % of the probability of a woman having a birth over the entire period. The effect peaks when the woman is between 29 and 30 years and is stable over time. When the fertility behaviour of each religious group is compared separately with those women that came from the same background but had lost their religion, it is found to differ substantially. Thus, community background is rejected as a possible explanation of the difference in fertility between declared Catholics and Protestants. Although the fertility rates of former Catholics and Protestants appear to be converging, the size of these groups is relatively small. There is no evidence to suggest that the small but distinct difference in the fertility rates of the two religious communities is likely to change in the immediate future.     

The Cost of Low Fertility in Europe

We analyze the effect of fertility on income per capita with a particular focus on the experience of Europe. For European countries with below-replacement fertility, the cost of continued low fertility will only be observed in the long run. We show that in the short run, a fall in the fertility rate will lower the youth dependency ratio and increase the working-age share, thus raising income per capita. In the long run, however, the burden of old-age dependency dominates the youth dependency decline, and continued low fertility will lead to small working-age shares in the absence of large migration inflows. We show that the currently very high working-age shares generated by the recent declines in fertility and migration inflows are not sustainable, and that significant drops in the relative size of the working-age population should be expected. Without substantial adjustments in labor force participation or migration policies, the potential negative repercussions on the European economy are large.     

我国生育文化的研究

本文描述了我国生育文化研究中的三方面主要内容：关于社会—文化对生育率影响的纯理论解释、人口人类学解释以及家庭—家族文化方面的解释,对之进行了分析、讨论,并提出今后应重视关于生育行为的内在结构和影响生育的中间变量的研究