韩国社会保障制度的现状及其政策选择初探

伴随经济全球化与韩国民主化进程的加快,在新的发展环境下,韩国社会保障制度的发展面临新的问题。本文从韩国社会保障制度的现状入手,探讨了韩国政府在社会保障改革中的经验和政策选择,对于建立与完善我国社会保障制度的发展有较大的借鉴意义。     

进城农民工过渡性社会保障制度的构建

针对我国目前关于城乡社会保障制度完善与发展的主要观点“回归说”、“吸入说”、“综合说”,提出专门建立面向农民工的过渡性社会保障制度的构想,即“过渡说”,并从这一制度构建的公平性、过渡性、可持续性等方面初步给予论证。认为,该制度的建立是破解农民工教育、就业以及社会保障问题的一个突破口,将有利于建立一个符合我国国情,统一完善、多层次、广覆盖的城乡一体化的社会保障制度体系。     

我国失地农民社会保障制度环境分析——基于制度结构性嵌入视角

为失地农民建立社会保障制度是解决失地农民的长久生计的重要途径。失地农民的社会保障制度是结构性嵌入于我国土地产权制度、征地制度、城乡社会保障制度、农民利益诉求实现制度之上中的,这种结构性嵌入机制要求仅仅完善失地农民社会保障制度本身是不足够的,失地农保制度的完善必须以上述四项制度的完善为前提。必须改革土地产权制度、变革征地制度、完善城乡社会保障制度、构建农民利益诉求实现制度,从而为失地农民社会保障制度的建立提供制度环境保证。     

对甘肃失地农民社会保障问题的再思考

在深入分析甘肃省在失地农民社会保障方面的制度安排和主要实践方式的基础上。提出完善失地农民社会保障制度的对策建议——构建发展型的失地农民社会保障制度、建立公平合理的征地补偿制度、完善社会保险制度、完善最低生活保障制度、完善再就业保障机制、促进村级集体经济可持续发展。     

教育投入与社会保障对城乡收入差距的联合影响

当前城乡收入差距扩大化趋势引起广泛关注。文章使用世代交叠模型研究公共教育和社会保障对收入分配的作用机制,在此基础上分析公共教育和社会保障对城乡收入差距的影响。研究发现,公共教育通过作用于教育投资、社会保障通过作用于有效家庭时间共同影响人力资本积累从而影响收入。一方面,数值模拟结果显示公共教育和社会保障的增加能够显著地增加收入;另一方面,结合中国城乡实际的实证研究结果显示,本应该起到调节和缩小城乡收入差距的公共教育和社会保障制度,并没有发挥其收入再分配的功能,反而形成了"逆向调节"的负效应,扩大了城乡收入差距,对此,文章通过理论与实证得出,缩小我国城乡人均教育投资和社会保障税率差距对缩小城乡收入差距具有重要的现实意义。     

市场经济条件下,建立完善我国社会保障体系的思考

<正> 党的十四大明确指出,我国经济体制的改革目标模式是建立社会主义市场经济体制,以利于进一步解放和发展生产力.建立社会主义市场经济体制,必须认真抓好几个相互联系的重要环节,深化分配制度和社会保障制度改革、建立和完善社会保障体系,是其中一个极其重要的环节。它不仅关系到产业结构的调整、企业运行机制的转换,而且还关系到社会的稳定和市场经济的有序运行。本文拟就我国社会保障制度目前存在的问题和构建新的社会保障体系提出一些看法。1.社会保障立法、管理体系不完善,缺乏     

城乡社会“断裂”与“人口逆淘汰”再思

"人口逆淘汰"问题在人口学研究中已有明确的结论,但从社会学的角度出发,仍有进一步思考的余地。在梳理人口学研究成果的基础之上,从城乡社会"断裂"的社会学角度,对"人口逆淘汰"问题进行再分析、再思考。城乡人口素质差异等"社会统计事实"背后,是城乡社会"断裂"的现实。制度因素如户籍制度和教育健康资源占有与配置等结构因素深刻影响了我国人口素质的提高。     

不同性别子代教育对农村老年人健康的影响——基于中介效应和干预效应的差异分析CSSCI

基于CHARLS2018年数据,本文构建健康相关生命质量指标,系统地衡量老年人健康,实证考察儿子和女儿教育分别带来的影响;同时,通过代际支持这一中介路径探究儿子和女儿教育影响存在差异的原因;此外,进一步讨论农村社会保障政策及亲子关系在儿子和女儿教育影响中的干预效应。研究结果发现:(1)儿子和女儿教育均对农村老年人健康总得分具有积极影响,但影响的维度及力度存在差异。(2)儿子教育主要通过经济支持发挥作用;而女儿教育主要通过情感支持、同住模式发挥作用。(3)农村社会保障、亲子关系对子女教育的影响过程具有一定程度的干预作用。建议提高农村家庭对子女教育的重视程度,并进一步完善农村社会保障制度,同时弘扬传统孝道文化,以期切实提高农村老年人的健康水平。     

构建农村社会保障三项奠基性制度

社会主义市场经济的建立需要健全的社会保障体制作保证,如果占总人口大多数的农村居民得不到保障,中国的社会保障制度就很难称得上完善。在本文中笔者着重探讨了农村最低生活保障制度、农村合作医疗制度以及农村居民养老保障制度,通过对这三项制度的构建基本就构建了中国农村社会保障制度的基础。     

韩国劳动力市场灵活稳定性状况研究

根据国际社会提出的灵活稳定性概念对韩国金融危机以后劳动力市场的灵活稳定性状况进行分析。韩国政府采取的许多改革措施没有使劳动力市场的稳定性得到提高,反而使灵活性不断下滑。社会保障体系的不完善及工会组织的政治化是造成韩国劳动力市场灵活稳定性无法提高的主要原因。     

人力资本投资与中国农业劳动力的转移

当前中国农业劳动力的转移存在许多问题：转移不足;转移的组织方式低级化;转移巩固率低;转移产业层次低;转移前后的比较收益不高;转移的社会负面效应突出。而人力资本存量少,农民素质低是产生以上问题的关键性因素。为促进农业劳动力的良性转移应采取如下措施：１．继续严格控制农村人口数量,提高人口素质;２．合理调整农村教育结构,积极发展农村职业技术教育;３．以素质教育为目标,拓宽教育途径,改革教学内容;４．提高农村教师素质;５．建立和完善人力资本投资收益机制;６．建立健全农村人力资本投资市场。     

“非正规”老年教育与老年人社会参与

如何促进老年人广泛而有效的社会参与,提高老年人口的生活质量是老龄化社会必须要面临的挑战。老年教育作为实现积极老龄化的重要途径正在引起普遍关注。相对于我国"正规"的老年大学而言,"非正规"老年教育是指除"正规"老年大学以外的多种形式的老年教育,主要包括社区老年教育、大众传媒中老年教育和老年人自发组织的老年教育。"非正规"老年教育以其灵活性、参与性和低成本等特性契合了中国老年人口的特点,能够更有效地适应老年人的教育需求,是促进中国老年人社会参与的重要途径。在大力发展适应中国国情的"非正规"老年教育的同时,应加强国家和政府的支持、推动参与主体的社会化、提升教育服务水平与服务质量。     

On the relationship between population and education]

The social and historical development of population and education is subject to the restriction of the means of production. Although it is not the major factor in determing the direction of social development, it has a great impact on social progress and historical development. The scale and level of educational development are not only influenced by social and economic conditions but are also related to the scale of population growth and the number of people who receive an education. In studies of the relationship between the population and education, special attention should be given to the impact of population growth upon education as well as the everlasting influence of education upon the population structure and social mobility. Since 1949, because of a rapid population growth, the existing educational system in China has suffered severe damage and destruction. There have been an insufficient number of schools and a shortage of funds for education for quite some time, and the population growth has caused great pressure on education. The relationship between the population and education in a modern society is a rather complicated problem. As a country with a large population and a backward education, China needs to develop its education and promote its population quality in order that favorable conditions may be created for the overall development of Socialist modernization.     

从社会性别视角透析出生性别比失衡

20世纪80年代以来,出生性别比失衡问题越来越严重。男尊女卑、重男轻女等传统思想是出生性别比失衡的内在根源,妇女较低的家庭地位是出生性别比失衡的外在根源,妇女自身较低的素质是出生性别比失衡的外在表现。要根除这些根源,就要营造平等的社会性别文化,消除性别歧视;加强立法和政策宣传力度,建立起完善的社会保障制度,提高妇女社会地位;加强男女平等教育,提高国民素质,以及提高妇女的文化素质。     

Social security, public education, and growth in a representative democracy

This paper studies the relationship between public education and pay-as-you-go social security in a representative democracy, where the government reacts both to voting and lobbying activities of workers and pensioners. While an intergenerational conflict prevails concerning actual social security contributions, workers may prefer public education for its positive effect on later pension benefits. Population aging diminishes the relative lobbying power of pensioners, leading to a higher contribution rate, educational expansion, and higher per capita income growth. Received: 05 April 1999/Accepted: 20 December 1999     

从人口安全角度创新农村计划生育社会保障制度——以苏南地区为例

经济快速发展如何应对人口安全问题的挑战?苏南地区根据农村计划生育目标人群的社会保障需求与制度供给偏差,将利益导向纳入整体社会保障,建立长效保障机制、健全政策保障体系、构筑公共服务平台、确保政府财政投入,以提高计划生育社会保障效能,促进人口安全。     

韩国的社会保障制度分析

韩国的社会保障制度与其经济发展水平相比处于较落后的状态 ,社会保障的支出规模与发达国家相差悬殊 ,为此 ,韩国在努力健全完善本国的社会保障制度。韩国的社会保障制度的发展与完善是以“国家调整论”为主要理论依据的 ,但鉴于这一理论本身的局限性 ,今后 ,韩国社会保障制度的完善还需要较长时间     

Economic development and fertility decline: lessons from Asia's newly industrialized countries

The general thesis that economic development and fertility decline are interrelated is substantiated in literature that discusses the successes of the newly industrialized countries of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. When countries are developing rapidly, family planning accelerates the rate of fertility change, particularly among the poor uneducated rural population. Relying on economic and social development is not enough. National policy in Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, and Taiwan recognized that population growth drains resources and the family planning programs operating since the 1960s contributed to a drop from 5 children/woman to 2 by 1988, and 70% of married couples used contraception. Coupled with this, age at marriage rose, contraception became more available, and educational and employment opportunities increased. Economically, the growth rate in the 1980's was 6-10% annually, with growth in the manufacturing and service sectors and export trade. Close economic ties evolved between governments and private sectors. Social development programs had been fully funded and gains evident in education, living standards, health care and nutrition, and life expectancy. The success of family planning is attributed to encouraging contraceptive awareness and use. Fertility reduction may occur with social and economic development, but no developing countries have reduced fertility without family planning. The relative importance of family planning may change over time, and reducing the cost through government sponsored family planning programs and encouraging the acceptability of contraceptive usage.     

The increasingly high sex ratio and lifelong unmarried rate in Japan

In Japan, the ratio of never-married men to married men has risen rapidly since the second half of the 1980s. In this paper, we focus on the disruption of the gender balance, and on the effect that this and education level have on marriage behaviour. We confirmed that the rise in the population of never-married men has a negative influence on the probability that men will marry; however, it does not affect women’s behaviour. The effects of education in relation to the probability of marrying are positive for men, and negative for women. Generally, a low educational background is associated with low income and our results predict that elderly single men will tend to be of low socio-economic status. The present social security system is substantially reliant on the assumption that most single older people have families. An increase in aged single men in recent years means a new social security system is required.