创新变迁与能力演化:企业自主创新战略——以中国路明集团为案例

本文采用案例研究方法对中国路明集团自主创新战略形成及演化的复杂过程作了深入考察和分析,并构建了一个企业实现自主创新战略的具有启发意义的整合框架。研究表明,企业自主创新战略的形成是一个复杂的动态累积过程,具有战略层次的累积跃升特征,创新只有增强企业能力并实现共同演进才能称之为创新战略的形成;吸收能力的投资作为背景基础推动了创新的成功转型;在中国特定环境下,企业家远见与创新精神、历史压力与随机事件作为影响企业创新战略演化的两类最活跃的外部影响因子也不容忽视,企业家远见与创新精神对于企业创新战略起了“提纲挈领”的作用,历史压力与随机事件在偶然性意义上会导致企业创新出现“锁定”和“突破”现象。最后,本文结合路明案例对中国企业的自主创新动力及其内涵理解作了相关剖析,深化了对中国企业创新实践的思考。     

企业社区参与过程中的合法性形成与演化:百步亭与万科案例

"合法性"是企业竞争优势的重要基础,企业社区参与(CCI)能使企业获得合法性。然而,CCI如何使企业获得合法性以及究竟使企业获得了什么样的合法性却鲜有探究。为此,本文通过对百步亭与万科十余年社区参与过程的纵向双案例研究,探讨了CCI各阶段合法性的形成与演化。研究发现:(1)CCI战略随阶段发展对CCI活动起动态引导作用;CCI过程中企业—居委会—志愿者的互动模式随行动者行为角色、行为动机和行为方式的转变而演化;社区能力的不同要素在不同互动模式的转换中向更高层面提升;CCI过程中的互动直接形成企业内部合法性,同时,这些互动通过促进社区能力成长来形成企业外部合法性。(2)企业合法性是一个连续变量,随着CCI阶段的发展其内部合法性有在程度上积累增加,外部合法性有在范围上逐渐扩大的趋势。本文的主要贡献在于解析了企业合法性形成与演化的微观机制,揭示了企业合法性作为一个连续变量的演化特征,对企业通过社区参与来获取合法性具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。     

从“反应”到“前摄”:万向在美国的合法性战略演化(1994～2015)

本文通过对中国跨国企业万向集团1994~2015年在美国的纵向案例研究,打开了后发跨国企业在发达国家获取并维持合法性以克服来源国劣势的过程黑箱。本研究分析了关键海外子公司合法性战略选择的动态演化,并着重探讨了各阶段合法性战略选择的情境条件、集团内部的结构模式以及克服来源国劣势的作用机制。本文发现,在后发情境下海外子公司将反应型和前摄型两类合法性战略在不同阶段进行动态切换能有效地获取并维持在东道国的合法性,同时焦点企业针对合法性战略选择与总部和其他子公司形成不同的耦合结构模式,在演化过程中战略选择和结构模式分别通过直接获取机制和间接维持机制克服来源国劣势。本研究基于后发跨国企业情境,通过探索合法性战略的演化为合法性理论做贡献。     

转型经济背景下的企业政治战略:国有企业和民营企业的比较

本文应用Oliver和Holzinger关于政治战略的分析框架,在整合企业战略制度观和资源观(特别是动态能力视角)的基础上,解释了国有企业和民营企业的政治战略选择模式和机理,论证了规模和制度转型的权变效应,并发展了一系列命题.具体而言:(1)规模越大,国有企业选择前瞻型政治战略的倾向增加,选择防卫型政治战略的倾向降低;而民营企业选择预期型和前瞻型政治战略的倾向增加,选择反应型政治战略的倾向降低.(2)制度转型程度越大,国有企业选择反应型和防卫型政治战略的倾向增加,选择前瞻型政治战略的倾向降低;民营企业选择预期型政治战略的倾向增加,选择反应型政治战略的倾向降低.本研究是构建国有企业和民营企业政治战略选择模型的首次尝试,揭示了转型经济背景下企业政治战略选择的独特性,不仅拓展了企业战略制度观的应用领域,更重要的是探讨了企业战略制度观中一个重要但研究不足的议题——企业如何适应制度变革和规制转移.在政策意义方面,本研究指出,制度转型和企业规模对国有企业和民营企业的影响分别具有相互抵消和加强的效应,因而政策制定者需要同时考虑微观层次的企业改革和宏观层次的政策变革.     

制度环境、核心能力与中国民营企业成长

基于已有文献,构建了一个制度环境、核心能力与民营企业成长方向之间关系的理论模型,并提出了相关命题与推论:在正式制度约束主导的环境中,民营企业更倾向于发展"行业专家"型核心能力,也更可能选择区域多元化发展战略;在非正式制度约束主导的环境中,民营企业更倾向于构建"社会资本"型核心能力,也更倾向于选择产品多元化发展战略。     

区域多元化抑或产品多元化?制度环境约束下民营企业核心能力构建与成长战略选择

在文献与理论研究的基础上,构建了制度环境、核心能力与企业成长战略选择之间关系的概念模型,并提出了相关假设。然后,以中国民营上市公司2007-2014年数据为对象进行实证检验,结果发现:市场化程度更高的区域,民营企业倾向于构建"行业专家"型核心能力,进而倾向于选择"做强"的区域多元化战略;市场化程度相对较低的区域,民营企业更多倾向于构建"社会资本"型核心能力,进而会选择"做大"的产品多元化战略。上述发现为企业成长与多元化战略理论补充了新的内容。     

来源国劣势与合法化战略——新兴经济企业跨国并购的案例研究

新兴经济体企业在跨国并购中如何根据不同类型来源国劣势来做出合法化战略选择?通过对吉利和万向六次跨国并购的多案例分析,本文打破现有文献关于"来自相同国家的企业面临相似来源国劣势"这一"同质化假定",把来源国劣势构念化为制度维和产品维。通过归纳式案例研究,本文发现,对于产品维的来源国劣势,新兴经济体企业倾向于通过组织制度设计、资源协同和声誉重构等合法性修复战略进行应对。对于制度维的来源国劣势,新兴经济体企业倾向于采用制度遵从、组织制度设计、资源协同等合法性获取战略来应对。当面临产品维和制度维双重劣势时,新兴经济体企业综合运用制度遵从、组织制度设计、资源协同、声誉重构等合法性获取和合法性修复战略,重点强调沟通协调这一合法性维持战略来应对。这些发现贡献于新兴经济体企业在跨国并购,乃至于更广意义国际化的文献,并对中国企业跨国并购过程有一定的启示意义。     

技术能力演化路径与利基市场选择:MY公司的案例研究

选取一个具有50年发展历史的典型案例开展研究,通过访谈、实地研究、历史与档案数据等研究方法以及3个历史阶段的划分,考察了技术能力与利基市场之间的动态演化关系。根据利基企业在不同阶段的研究,得到了4个结论:①在创业初期(或进入新市场),成功的利基企业选择利用仿制能力,通过差异化进入低竞争和高盈利的产业环节;②进入成长期,利基企业技术能力通过扩散提升,倾向于进入多利基市场;③适度进入多元化市场与企业的技术能力提升呈正相关关系,过度进入多元化市场与企业的技术能力提升呈负相关关系;④进入成熟期,利基企业通过互补性资产的选择和自主创新,获得核心技术能力,收缩并专注于核心利基市场。基于上述结论,归纳出技术能力演化路径与利基市场选择的动态演化模型。     

限制性行业中企业战略行为合法性研究:以中国汽车行业为例

基于战略的制度基础观,本文认为在中国限制性行业中,企业战略行为的变化主要受制于其所在的制度环境,企业在制度框架下所具备的合法性高低决定了其战略行为的变化情况。依照历史发展的脉络,我们采用离散事件历史分析方法,对我国20多家汽车企业在1980年代到1990年代之间的轿车合资行为进行了考察,发现企业的声望和能力是汽车企业取得合法性的两个重要因素。研究发现,限制性行业中影响企业合法性的因素与其它行业有所不同,而合法性高的汽车企业成为行业中战略行为改变的先行者。     

限制性行业中企业战略行为合法性研究:以中国汔车行业为例

基于战略的制度基础观,本文认为在中国限制性行业中,企业战略行为的变化主要受制于其所在的制度环境,企业在制度框架下所具备的合法性高低决定了其战略行为的变化情况.依照历史发展的脉络,我们采用离散事件历史分析方法,对我国20多家汽车企业在1980年代到1990年代之间的轿车合资行为进行了考察,发现企业的声望和能力是汽车企业取得合法性的两个重要因素.研究发现,限制性行业中影响企业合法性的因素与其它行业有所不同,而合法性高的汽车企业成为行业中战略行为改变的先行者.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.