高校人力资源管理实践的最优维度结构及其实证研究

本文通过问卷、关键事件访谈等形式采集样本数据,并利用结构方程方法进行实证与理论分析,提出了我国高校人力资源管理实践的最优维度结构。我们首先使用探索性因子分析得出六个维度结构,然后通过验证性因子分析验证了其最优性。我们经研究发现,我国高校人力资源管理实践的最优维度结构可由六个维度构成,即员工的配置与选拔、激励机制、职业安全、员工参与、绩效管理与基于战略的人力资源规划。该最优维度结构为我国高校人力资源管理评价提供了理论依据和测量工具．     

Denison企业文化量表在中国背景下的有效性分析

企业文化量表是企业文化诊断的重要工具。本文在对Denison企业文化量表简要述评的基础上，对其在中国背蒂下的有效性进行了分析，研究表明：该量表的四个文化特质区分效度不够明显，十二个维度的结构效度也不够理想；探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析发现，七维度的Denison企业文化量表更加适用于中国企业。     

组织中领导沉默维度的建构与测量

组织中员工沉默行为已经得到了学界的重视,并取得了一定的研究成果,然而领导者作为组织中不可或缺的成员,其沉默行为尚未引起学界的重视,也很少有研究涉及。尽管黄桂等针对这一问题进行了质性研究,但是由于缺乏领导沉默的测量量表,无法对其影响因素和造成的结果进行定量研究。为客观测量之,本文根据质性研究结果设计了测量量表,收集了包括中高层管理者、基层管理者和普通员工在内的问卷,通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,最终确定27个测量项目。研究发现,领导沉默是一个多维结构,可分为防御型、亲社会型、考验型、权谋型以及威风型5个维度。这5个维度又由7个部分组成,亲社会型和威风型领导沉默各有两个子维度,分别为组织层面和员工层面的亲社会型领导沉默;领导意图把握力和惩罚警戒式的威风型领导沉默。数据显示,问卷具有较高的信度和效度。     

中国文化背景下谦逊型领导的结构和测量

 随着经济的全球化和竞争环境的日益复杂化,谦逊对于领导者的重要作用引起了组织研究者们的关注。中国自古强调谦逊,谦逊对于领导者的重要性在中国古代典籍和领导者身上都有所体现。然而,已有的谦逊型领导理论和测量是在西方文化和价值观下发展起来的。领导的概念和结构嵌入在文化之中,会随着文化的不同而有所差异。因此,中国的谦逊型领导研究不能照搬西方的理论和方法。        鉴于此,编制中国文化背景下的谦逊型领导测量量表。在已有理论和实证研究的基础上,阐述谦逊型领导理论的发展过程,对谦逊型领导的测量量表进行对比分析,开发中国文化背景下的谦逊型领导测量量表。量表开发严格遵循科学程序,这一过程包括3个阶段。第一阶段,通过半结构访谈,以286名员工和管理者的开放式问卷调查生成题项;第二阶段,精简量表,通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析评估量表的心理测量特性;第三阶段,评估量表的聚合效度和区分效度。        研究结果表明,中国文化背景下的谦逊型领导量表具有良好的信度和效度,量表包括14个题项以及平易近人、欣赏他人、正确自我认知和开门纳谏4个维度,平易近人维度体现了中国集体主义文化的特点。        开发的量表展现了中国文化背景下谦逊型领导的独特性,更好地满足管理研究回归管理实践的需求。此量表为未来谦逊型领导的实证研究做了工具上的铺垫,也为中国的谦逊型领导研究带来启示,促进其进一步的研究和发展。在管理实践中,领导者应摒弃英雄神话和“伟人”的形象,更多地关注员工在领导过程中的影响,通过对员工的友善和尊重来展现其人性的一面。中国的谦逊型领导深受中国传统文化的影响,与西方的谦逊型领导在结构上有着本质的区别,这一点值得研究者和管理者高度重视。     

中小企业创业领导力的结构维度及测量

创业领导力的测量问题一直是一个研究热点,本文梳理了国外学者设计的影响力较大的创业领导力量表,探讨其结构和理论意涵。在中国情景下,运用探索性因子分析与验证性因子分析验证了中小企业创业领导力结构维度的稳定性与跨文化一致性。结果表明,中小企业创业领导力结构维度具有较高的稳定性,但跨文化一致性不高,经修改后的四维度创业领导力测量量表具有较好的信度和效度,对进一步开发和完善创业领导力量表具有一定借鉴意义。     

中国情境下变革型领导的内涵与测量的再探讨

结合我国当代社会发展的实际情况,对变革型领导在中国情境下具有的行为结构及其内涵进行了深层次的探讨,并在此基础上发展了中国变革型领导的测量工具。研究结果表明,中国变革型领导是一个二阶四因素结构,包括影响力、愿景激励、个性化关怀和智力激发,且中国变革型领导在二阶构念上与西方理论一致。此外,这4个中国变革型维度的内涵又各自包括了2个子维度和有关内容。研究进一步完善和修正了现有研究对中国变革型领导的界定,编制的中国变革型领导行为问卷(CTLQ)的各项指标都达到了心理测量学的要求。     

组织文化度量:本土模型的构建与实证研究

本文旨在构建本土化的组织文化度量模型,并检验模型的有效性.作者在质性研究的基础上,从"组织对利益相关者的价值判断"与"组织对管理行为的价值判断"两个角度来构建我国组织文化度量模型.前者由组织对股东、客户、员工、社会大众等组织利益相关者价值判断维度构成,后者由组织文化动力特征、效率特征、秩序特征与和谐特征四个子模块构成.在验证性因子分析中,假设模型得到了很好的验证.本文最后比较了本土化模型与国外已有的重要模型在研究逻辑和方法上的差异,并对我国企业文化建设实践提出了若干建议.     

可行能力发展视角下大学生领导力结构模型研究

根据大学生领导力高阶模型,分别对303名和1405名大学生进行测试,采用SPSS17.0和Lisrel8.72进行探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析。研究结果显示:大学生领导力模型由内外两个维度11个因子构成,外部参与力包含亲和力、交往力、思维力、沟通力和竞合力,自我内生力包含情绪力、执行力、学习力、规划力、信息力和自我力。经过验证分析得出此高阶模型具有较高的构想效度。     

平台型领导：多维度结构、测量与创新行为影响验证

平台型领导是以组织环境动态化和知识型员工崛起为特征的知识经济时代背景下的新领导模式之一,其特色在于领导者通过构建共同的事业平台以促进下属、领导者以及组织共同成长。针对平台型领导,目前研究尚停留在概念讨论阶段,欠缺具有一定信、效度的工具来测量这一概念,而在将管理经验上升为管理科学以进一步指导实践的过程中,量化测量是必不可少的环节。本文的研究旨在构造平台型领导的测量体系,基于扎根理论方法开发出以"包容"、"个人魅力"、"变革规划"、"平台搭建"、"平台优化"、"共同成长"为中心范畴的平台型领导构思模型,以探索性因素分析验证了这6个维度的内容效度,开发出包含25个题项的平台型领导专用行为量表;通过验证性因素分析对效度做了进一步验证,最终确立二阶六因素的平台型领导最优测量模型。利用平台型领导专用行为量表,本文的研究进一步证实了平台型领导对于员工创新工作行为的正向影响作用,以及基本心理需要在其中扮演的部分中介作用。     

基于态度和钱包份额两维度的客户忠诚度测量模型

客户忠诚的表现形式可以归纳为态度和行为两个方面,用钱包份额测量行为忠诚度有助于企业全面考察客户的忠诚行为和潜在价值,因此从态度忠诚和钱包份额两个维度分别测量客户忠诚度.对中国内地信用卡客户进行调查,采用结构方程和验证性因子分析方法建模,比较基于态度和钱包份额两因子的忠诚度测量模型和单一忠诚度因子模型.结果发现,在中国内地信用卡客户数据样本中,两维度的客户忠诚度测量模型拟合指标优于单一忠诚度因子模型,而且基于这两个维度进行客户细分有助于企业识别客户行为偏好的差异性,有针对性地实施客户关系策略.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.