中国农村出生登记的微观影响因素分析——陕西省CH县三个村的调查

作者通过在陕西省CH县与出生登记相关的工作人员的访谈和对3个农村社区的问卷调查,分析了中国农村地区儿童出生登记的现状;重点探索了微观层面上影响儿童出生登记的因素;总结了没有按时登记对儿童权益的影响。研究结果表明,儿童出生登记的水平不高,呈现下滑趋势;微观层次上影响农村地区儿童出生登记的因素众多,在各个历史时期不尽相同;儿童未能按时登记,会影响其健康的成长与发展。     

中国儿童的出生登记:现状、问题与政策建议

本文利用有关文献和对各级相关部门工作人员的访谈资料以及相关统计数据,分析了中国儿童出生登记的相关法律法规、政策和登记程序;考察了儿童出生登记的状况、存在问题和后果;探讨了阻碍中国出生登记的因素;并提出了促进儿童出生登记、保护儿童权益的政策建议。     

1949年以后中国的人口与制度变迁

已有的关于中国制度变迁的研究忽视了人口因素在这个过程中所起的重要作用 ,必须从人口学的角度研究新中国成立以来的制度变迁过程。中国从计划经济向市场经济转变的过程是一个工业化目标与人口双重约束下的制度变迁过程 ,人口增长是推动中国制度变迁的基本动力     

说文解词

人口登记 人口登记：政府搜集人口数据的制度，这个制度要求连续记录所有或部分人口信息及社会经济特征。有一些国家如丹麦、瑞典和以色列，为了便于进行人口统计，保留了全面的登记制度，记录下发生在每个人身上的主要事件（出生、结婚、搬迁、死亡），这样可以得到当前全部人口的信息。     

制度变迁对人力资本和物质资本在经济增长中作用的影响

文章在建立并估计检验人力资本外部性模型、人力资本增进型制度变迁模型和物质资本增进型制度变迁模型的基础上,分析了制度变迁对人力资本和物质资本在经济增长中发挥作用的具体影响,将制度因素的作用从综合要素生产率中剥离出来。研究发现,在过去的20多年里中国人力资本在经济增长中的直接贡献率高达14％左右,而物质资本积累仍然是经济增长主要贡献要素。中国制度创新主要围绕物质资本进行。     

河南灵宝市涧东区落实出生实名信息共享制

河南省灵宝市涧东区利用有资质的助产机构上报的住院分娩实名制出生登记上报制,进一步完善人口数据信息共享、准确上报登记制度。一是明确责任精心组织。按照上级经常性工作联系制度和信息共享制度的规定与要求,确立一名专人负责收集整理,计生办工作人员及时与分包社区居委会衔接与指导,强化责任精心指导抓好工作落实。二是认真核查规范管理。将按年度出生实名制名单和人口信息数据库进行核查,核对后及时录入信息     

聚合力 出重拳 综合治理出生人口性别比

为进一步净化生育环境,促进人口和计划生育工作健康深入开展,河北省正定县针对目前出生人口性别比不平衡、具有升高趋势的现状,县计生局、卫生局、药品监督管理局经过认真研究,严格落实十项制度,综合治理出生人口性别比,收到了实际效果。1.落实B超使用登记报告制度。县卫生局和县计生局对各级医疗保健机构和计生技术服务机构B超设备及操作人员进行严格审查并备案。医务人员每天对B超使用的项目、内容等如实进行登记,每月向县卫生局和县计生局分别上报。对因医学需要进行胎儿性别鉴定的,由实施机构三人以上的专家组集体审核,同时签名。经诊…     

实施出生实名登记制度的探索实践

20世纪90年代以来,海南省出生人口性别比逐年升高。为遏制升高势头,省政府多措并举从2002年起全面开展了综合治理出生人口性别比偏高问题工作;2004年在全省全面实施关爱女孩行动;2007年,在省政府领导下,人口计生、卫生、公安联合实施了出生实名登记制度。     

出生人口性别比与和谐社会建设:一个定性和定量分析

20世纪80年代中期以来,中国的出生性别比持续攀升,出生人口性别结构严重失衡。运用定性和定量相结合的研究方法,探讨出生性别比失衡的潜在因素和制度因素。分析结果表明,农村地区出生性别比的失衡与儿子预期的经济价值和文化功用相关。最后提出具有针对性的缓解出生性别比失衡的建议。     

山西榆次新建街办事处“关爱女孩”又掀新高潮

前不久，岐山县在蔡家坡镇令狐村召开岐山县出生登记干预试点现场研讨会。县公安局、民政局、卫生局、计生局等部门的主要领导和全县5个试点乡镇有关领导参加研讨会。与会人员参观了蔡家坡镇令狐村出生登记工作现场，并对《岐山县出生登记管理办法》提出建议。     

我国统筹城乡户籍制度改革的理性思考

户籍本身只是一种人口登记制度,而我国的户籍却附加了由体制引起的过多的权利,演变成与户口性质和登记地相挂钩的权利界定和利益分配制度。户籍制度本身并不复杂,但附加在户籍制度之上的相关社会经济政策以及由此形成的社会利益分配格局却是错综复杂的。统筹城乡发展,进行户籍制度改革,关键是突破城乡二元体制障碍,剥离附加在户口上的权益和福利,构建统一国民待遇福利体系,真正发挥户籍的人口管理功能,促进人口资源的有效配置。     

Family planning and fertility in Tunisia

The crude birth rate for the Tunisian population in 1967–68 is estimated to be about ten percent lower than in 1961–65 although the rates are subject to a wide margin of error. Unless the birth registration system is becoming steadily worse or unless the Tunisian population has been decreasing in size, however, the birth rate has fallen; births registered in 1967 or in 1968 were fewer in number than births registered in 1964, 1965, or 1966. The downturn in the crude birth rate occurred shortly after an official national family planning program was inaugurated. Estimates of births averted by contraceptive use, however, suggest that only about one third of the decrease in the rate could be attributed to accomplishments of the program. Occurring at the same time were changes in the age structure which led to smaller numbers of women in the peak reproductive ages and changes in the social status of women which included a sharp reduction in the proportion married in the age group 15–19.     

广东出生人口性别比偏高的现状、原因与对策

本文对广东出生人口性别比偏高的现状与特点进行分析的基础上,就其危害与成因以及应采取的相应对策进行了探讨。作者指出:传宗接代问题、农村养老问题、性别选择、溺弃女婴、瞒报和基层计生工作不到位等是导致出生人口性别比偏高的最主要因素,要促进性别比平衡必须采取有效措施,实行综合治理。     

China's rural population statistics at the local level

Written for those who use Chinese population data and want a better understanding of their provenance and reliability and those who may directly utilize local level materials in studies of Chinese population and social structure, this report describes the statistical system of 1 rural county, Shifang Xian in the Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Province. It is based on interviews with local government officials, on examinations of population records and reports at different levels of administration, and on a sample survey of households conducted in the winter and spring of 1981. Until the mid 1970s, the primary source of China's rural population data was the household and vital events registers established in the 1950s. Following the formation of the Birth Planning Office in 1971, a separate reporting system of population statistics began to develop alongside the household registration system. The birth planning system uses the reports of team, brigade, and commune level cadres concerned with health work and women's affairs to provide a richer and more current set of vital events and birth planning data than the household registration system could provide. Discrepancies in data emerging from the 3 sources are bound to occur because of error and because of the different methods used in the compilation of data. Currently, there are 2 basic sources for population data in Shifang Xian: the monthly reports of the brigade level birth planning workers and the year end reports of the team accountants. The household and vital events registers, once central to population statistics, retain their legal role but have diminished importance for statistical purposes. There continues to be important questions about the operation of the statistical system. With increasing reliance on the newly developed birth planning statistical system for information on vital rates, Shifang has apparently moved from statistics based on date of registration derived from a de jure system of vital events registration to statistics based on date of occurrence derived from de facto or quasi de facto records of health workers and team accountants. As the latter system is more accurate, it seems likely that transition has been marked by discontinuities in time series of population counts and vital rates. The statistical system observed in Shifang is administered by highly motivated cadres. It apparently produces statistics of good quality. Linkage to the economy, constant updating, surveillance of pregnancy, and a level of overlap give the overall system considerable strength and should not produce substantial errors under normal circumstances. A serious remaining problem, i.e., the underreporting of infant deaths, is primarily due to inadequate training of statistical workers. Shifang Xian is an unusual county, and no conclusions should be drawn about the accuracy of rural population statistics based on performance there.     

出生人口性别比失衡的地域差异分析——基于对陕西的调查

出生人口性别比失衡问题从上世纪80年代开始成为陕西人口发展中的一个实际存在的问题．地域差异是其中的一个重要表现。本文为了揭示陕西不同区域的社会环境差异对人口出生性别比失衡的影响．通过问卷抽样的方法,获取陕西关中、陕北、陕南三大区域公众的生育文化和观念差异的第一手资料。从导致出生人口性别比失衡的性别选择角度,根据社会环境-性别选择需要或动机-选择-目标,分析陕西三大地域生育文化的社会环境差异,揭示影响不同区域出生人口性别比作用机制。     

我国户籍制度的历史考察

户籍制度是我国历史上的一项重要的社会制度,历代统治者都非常重视。户籍制度包括登记制度和管理制度两个方面。户籍的登记和管理始于西周,到秦汉时期初具规模,唐宋以后日臻完善,使该制度表现出明显的地域性、等级性、世袭性和社会治安功能。     

Transition of the population reproduction pattern in China]

In the past 30 years, great changes have taken place in the reproduction pattern of the population in China. A historical pattern of a high birth rate and high death rate no longer exists. A new low birth rate and low death rate pattern has now become a reality. It is especially notable that China has realized this transition under the condition of a backward economy. Since 1949, the death rate has dropped rapidly because of advancements in medical care, a rise in the standard of living, and an improvement in public health. The change in fertility, however, is determined by the developing level of social productivity. As mankind has moved forward, population reproduction has gradually become a self-conscious activity. Fertility is increasingly determined by views on marriage and concepts of birth. China has successfully achieved a transition in fertility, and this has to be credited to China's progressive relations in social production and an excellent social system. In addition, practical efforts made by the political leadership, cooperation from the people, and popularization of ideological education on family planning have all contributed to a transition in China's fertility rate.     

Sample registration in India

India's ad hoc sample registration scheme for obtaining current estimates of rural birth and death rates for the whole country is being implemented quite rapidly. Five states have 140 sample units, and eleven states will have from 20 to 100 units in the study depending upon the stage of implementation by March, 1967.Essential elements of the project for each unit are: (1) continuous registration of vital events by a paid part-time local enumerator, (2) a six-month household survey to detect births and deaths which occurred during the previous six months, and (3) matching events from registration and surveys and field recheck of unmatched events to obtain the "best" count of real number of events. Preliminary results in a non-random sample indicate that the crude birth and death rates are around 37.1 and 15.7 per 1,000, respectively, for India's rural population, but these probably will be found to be on the low side.Most of the problems of implementation are operational or administrative rather than statistical: (1) For various reasons, some states are slow in agreeing to assume financial and other responsibilities for the scheme. (2) In many states, even after the scheme has been accepted, there are delays in recruiting the staff, training, and so forth. (3) The most serious problem in the whole project is maintaining control of field operations well enough at each stage to insure that prescribed instructions and methodology are being followed.Experience in India indicates that staged implementation of such projects is highly desirable when trained staff are limited. There still are a number of methodological problems which must be tested as the sample registration evolves. Sample registration is one of the first steps in the Indian program to. develop an adequate vital statistics system. Exploratory studies to measure completeness of civil registration are being done now in an effort to develop means of using civil registration data alone for measurement of vital rates.     

城市人口管理组织化:基于集体户口的认识

人口管理组织化将多元、异质的个体塑造成相对刚性、权利分层的社会身份差序格局。本文探讨集体户口在人口管理组织化中的意义建构及对户籍制度改革的反思。分析显示,集体户口的发展历程是一个集个体存在和权利安排于一体的组织化过程。单位制年代,集体户口依业缘对人口进行组织和管理,合成以单位为中心的\个人紧密依存单位的社会单元;单位制解体后,集体户口以整合无房人口为导向,实现不同类型社会自由人的组织重构。在开放、流动、多元的社会形态下,集体户口能否更好地保障和拓展落户人口的合法民生权益,在实现人口管理组织化的同时促进社会善治,将是户籍制度改革的重要议题。     

流动人口在城市劳动力市场中的地位:三群体研究

关于流动人口在城市劳动力市场中的地位问题,过去已有大量文献,但研究重点是农民工。这里把外来市民纳入观察视野,利用2008年"迁移和流动劳动力与中国大城市发展"调查数据,分析工资收入和社会保险参与的影响因素。主要研究发现:在工资收入上,不同户籍身份劳动者之间没有净差异;在养老保险和工伤保险参与上,本市居民、外来市民和农民工参与的可能性依次递减。这意味着,工资收入已经基本上由劳动力市场决定,而社会保险参与依然与户籍身份有关。不过,这种关联方式已经从过去的城乡户籍身份歧视转向本地/非本地权益差异。