科学发展观与地方政府职能定位——以东北老工业基地地方政府为例

振兴东北老工业基地,正确落实科学发展观,关键是政府职能定位准确。政府要把干预国有企业、包办国有经济的行为限制在有限的空间内,建立有限的地方政府;要转换思想、增强服务意识,减少行政审批,促进市场体系的发育,培育真正的微观市场主体,制定维护市场秩序的规则,有效地提供公共物品,建立完善的社会保障体系,真正建成服务型政府。     

论东北老工业基地三省之间的协调发展

东北老工业基地三省协作开发的领域有:交通运输与通信基础设计、自然资源、主要工业基地、新兴工业经济带、沿边经济开放带等。东北老工业基地开发模式有:以大型企业协作集团为核心的企业合作;以主导产业为龙头的关联企业合作;以港口城市和边境口岸城市为窗口的对外开放合作;协调区域产业布局,东北三省协调发展的基本方式:加强基础设施建设;加强东北老工业基地整体规划功能;实现政府职能标准化、规范化和统一化;促进生产要素自由流动。三省协调发展要采取相应的措施。     

信贷资产管理中的东北现象及解决途径

信贷资产管理中的东北现象是东北老工业基地社会经济、金融运行深层矛盾长期积累的结果,它反映了原受计划体制影响最深、产业结构倚重、倚国有、倚大为特征的东北老工业基地经济与金融改革的长期性和艰巨性。解决信贷资产管理中东北现象的关键是政府、银行、企业在促进东北地区经济发展的过程中要因地制宜、综合治理。     

论我国东北老工业基地的改造战略

中央、地方、国有企业在东北老工业基地的改造中各自承担着相应的战略职责。中央政府要运用各种财政金融杠杆,推动产业结构的调整,推进审批权改革,促进老工业区统一市场的形成和对外开放;地方政府负责管理各项改造基金,推动老工业基地的技术改造,制定改造规划;国有企业要加快现代企业制度建设,实施科技创新。三方应在完善社会保障、促进就业等方面互联互动,通力合作。     

从“一枝独秀”到“三元治理”——国家体育公共服务的新导向与新路径

针对我国体育公共服务发展过程中凸现的一些问题,诸如服务供给水平难以满足公众体育需求、政府重管理轻服务、部门垄断依然存在、社会参与不足等,政府职能和角色应该适时转变,从传统的政府一元治理转向政府、市场和社会相结合的三元治理结构。促进人的全面发展、实现社会和谐、提升国家形象是政府在体育公共服务中实现善治的基本价值诉求。重新定位政府角色、转变政府职能、实现政府善治,是推进体育公共服务治理规范化、市场化、大众化和人本化的必然之路。最后,建构"政府统筹、社会协同、市场支持和群众广泛参与"的体育发展新格局,重心在于政府职能转变、焦点在于培育体育社团、要务在于拓展体育市场。     

民国时期城市卫生行政中的社会参与——以1912-1937年的苏州卫生委员会为中心

公共卫生是政府公共服务职能的重要组成部分.卫生委员会等自治组织是社会力量积极参与地方公共卫生事务的重要方式.他们组织清洁道路、施送医药、防救时疫,活跃在城乡公共卫生事务的各个领域.通过对近代城市卫生管理中市民参与的考察,有助于我们更加清晰地认识政府职能转变的历史过程.     

治理能力现代化视阈下政府购买公共服务研究——以盐城市为例证

政府购买公共服务是推进治理能力现代化的必然要求。由于我国推行政府公共服务的时间较短,实践中普遍存在市场发育不成熟、缺少系统规划、社会组织发展不快和评价体系缺失等制约因素。要通过合理划分购买范围、科学界定政府职能、强化购买合同管理、鼓励多元竞争、培育合格承接主体以及构建监督机制等途径,推进政府购买公共服务现代化。     

新时期我国政府社会管理若干问题理论思考

改革开放以来我国政府实现从经济建设型政府向公共服务型政府的转型,发展市场经济、构建和谐社会,突出政府的社会管理与公共服务职能,政府社会管理体制改革总体目标是建设公共服务型政府。这就要求我国政府的社会管理体制改革从国家主导包办向社会、企业、个人多元参与转变;由管办不分、政事不分向管办分离、政事分开转变。为此,政府需要实现从经济目标优先向社会目标优先的转变,建设型财政体制需要向公共服务型财政体制转变,实现依法行政,充分发挥社会中介组织的作用,建构适合国情的公共服务体系与多样化的公共服务模式。     

东北城乡金融协调发展的策略研究

东北作为老工业基地,拥有较好的基础条件,但同时伴随着经济结构不良、体制滞后、技术设备老化等问题.东北地区城乡金融发展出现结构失衡、素质不高、外部环境制约等不协调问题,导致金融对区域经济建设的支持反哺力度减弱.本文通过分析东北地区金融业的现状,针对存在的问题提出若干策略,旨在探讨通过推进东北城乡金融的协调发展,从而发挥金融在东北老工业基地振兴中的应有作用.     

改善社区公共服务,促进和谐社区建设

改善社区公共服务,丰富社区公共服务产品,是建设和谐社区的重要内容之一。政府公共管理职能的不清晰与社会管理的不完善是社区公共服务供需矛盾的根本原因。现代社会的发展,国家权力将逐步向社会组织转移,改善社区公共服务就要建立“党委领导、政府负责、社会协同、公众参与”的社会管理格局。建立有效的社区公共服务供给体系,要求政府更加注重履行社会管理和公共服务的职能,科学地整合社会管理资源。因而,政府不断创新公共服务体制,改进公共服务方式,将促进社区公共服务的改善和和谐社区的建设。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.