A Dual Process Model of Grief Counseling

Summary

This paper tests Stroebe and Schuf s Dual Process Model of Bereavement using data from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC), a prospective study of 1,532 married persons over the age of 65. This analysis focused on a weighted sample of 104 widowers and 492 widows at six months, 18 months, and four years later. Bradburn's Affect Balance Scale was used as the dependent variable, and the independent variables were based on Stroebe and Schut's bereavement model. The multiple regression analyses revealed that loss- and restoration-oriented activities were important throughout bereavement. Implications for bereavement counseling are discussed.     

论曼海姆的知识分子同情观

知识分子基于同情的社会良知“谋划”，能否“用他人的立场来看”社会是曼海姆现代知识分子观的能力要求，必须正视人文知识分子的身份危机、知识分子的使命与自我定位，以化解在科层制的日益严密、乌托邦走向终结和大众民主化的过程中当下社会面临自身与社会的“不可通约性”。     

Grief and Intellectual Disability

Abstract

People with intellectual disabilities are living longer, which in turn leads to a higher probability that they will experience significant loss due to the death of someone they know. This paper describes a systemic therapeutic model, ROC, which combines bereavement therapy with training and support for staff. On reporting the effects of the ROC model, it is noted that changes over time in the type and nature of referrals has shown the ther apeutic value of the program. The author makes a case that the best way to detect and possibly prevent serious emotional problems in this population is to provide training and support in dealing with death and related issues for the service network surrounding these individuals.     

同情何为杀人者?--麦克白性格剖析

麦克白是莎士比亚四大悲剧之一《麦克白》中的主要人物 ,弑君篡位 ,成为一个暴君。他最终以死谢幕 ,但对他的死 ,观众给予更多同情。主要是 :第一 ,麦克白人性中的善 ;第二 ,麦克白随剧情发展而发展的失望乃至绝望 ;第三 ,麦克白作为一员勇将的闪光品质。     

优义的"伤心"——艾荫范《读常见诗品常见词》连载之四

<沈园>二首是陆游75岁时,追念40年前与被迫离异的前妻唐琬偶然相值、略伸嫌婉的那刻骨铭心短暂印象的两首诗.伤心人作伤心语,千载之下读之仍令人为之伤心.而诗中即有"伤心"一语,出在第一首: 城上斜阳画角哀,沈园非复旧池台.     

Predicting Sympathy and Prosocial Behavior From Young Children's Dispositional Sadness

The purpose of this study was to examine whether dispositional sadness predicted children's prosocial behavior and if sympathy mediated this relation. Constructs were measured when children (n = 256 at time 1) were 18, 30, and 42 months old. Mothers and non‐parental caregivers rated children's sadness; mothers, caregivers, and fathers rated children's prosocial behavior; sympathy (concern and hypothesis testing) and prosocial behavior (indirect and direct, as well as verbal at older ages) were assessed with a task in which the experimenter feigned injury. In a panel path analysis, 30‐month dispositional sadness predicted marginally higher 42‐month sympathy; in addition, 30‐month sympathy predicted 42‐month sadness. Moreover, when controlling for prior levels of prosocial behavior, 30‐month sympathy significantly predicted reported and observed prosocial behavior at 42 months. Sympathy did not mediate the relation between sadness and prosocial behavior (either reported or observed).     

Live Discharge from Hospice and the Grief Experience of Dementia Caregivers

When an individual has dementia, family members are involved in many care transitions in their roles as caregivers. One such transition is the ‘live’ discharge from hospice services. This occurs when an individual no longer meets eligibility criteria. This can be difficult for caregivers who have been anticipating an end to understand in the context of their grief process. This qualitative study (N = 24) explored the experience of caregivers of adults with dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, who experienced a ‘live’ discharge from hospice. Specifically, the experience of grief is examined. Results from this study highlight the complexity of caring for someone with a terminal disease and the grief experience in end-of-life care as caregivers struggle to understand the individual’s terminal prognosis as temporary. This is further complicated for caregivers who must resume caregiving responsibilities or assume a new caregiving role after experiencing a loss of hospice services. Finally, hospice social workers are well positioned to offer emotional and other concrete support to caregivers who experience a ‘live’ discharge.     

The Post-Funeral Ritual in Bereavement Counseling and Grief Work

While a great deal has been written about phenomena associated with assisting persons in coping with losses, and, more specifically, the meaning of funeral practices in grief work, little discussion has taken place regarding the importance of "ritual leave-taking" during the post-funeral period. In order to ascertain the potential of a significant relationship between active ritual leave-taking and grief adjustment, 50 widowed persons were interviewed regarding the rituals they practiced before, during and after the death of their spouse. The data collected reflect the number and type of rituals practiced and the potential for discovering a significant relationship between the practice of post-funeral rituals and grief adjustment. While preliminary in nature, the outcomes of the study illustrate a link between positive grief work and post-funeral rituals. Suggestions for those who regularly assist the bereaved in grief work are advised to give greater attention to the potential of focusing their bereavement counseling on post-funeral "ritual leave-taking."     

The Process of Change in Complicated Grief Group Therapy for Bereaved Dementia Caregivers: An Evaluation Using the Meaning of Loss Codebook

ABSTRACT

Caring for a person with dementia has adverse health and mental health effects that, for 9–25% of caregivers, persist as complicated grief (CG). For bereaved dementia caregivers unable to satisfactorily grieve, specialized Complicated Grief Group Therapy (CGGT) can restore healthy grief. We investigated therapeutic change in CGGT participants, using an adapted version of the Gillies’ Meaning of Loss Codebook. Participants demonstrated positive gains in 16 thematic areas, notably in moving on with life, summoning pleasant memories, and ascribing bad memories to disease rather than decedent. Meaning transitioned from negative to positive interpretations of the death over the course of treatment.     

Longitudinal Relations Among Parental Emotional Expressivity and Sympathy and Prosocial Behavior in Adolescence

Concurrent and longitudinal relations among parental emotional expressivity, children's sympathy and children's prosocial behavior were assessed with correlations and structural equation modeling when the children were 55–97 months old (N = 214; M age = 73 months, SD = 9.59) and eight years later (N = 130; ages 150–195 months old, M = 171 months, SD = 10.01). Parent emotional expressivity (positive and negative) and children's sympathy were stable across time and early parent‐reported sympathy predicted adolescents' sympathy and prosocial behavior. Parents' positive expressivity was positively related to sympathy and prosocial behavior, but in adolescence, this was likely primarily because of consistency over time. Early observed parental negative expressivity was negatively related to adolescents' prosocial behavior. Reported negative expressivity in childhood was negatively related to boys' sympathy in childhood and positively related to girls' sympathy behavior in adolescence. The later relation remained significant when controlling for the stability of parental expressivity and sympathy, suggesting an emerging positive relation between the variables for girls.     

On the captivity of the will: Sympathy, caring, and a moral sense of the human

We are concerned in this paper with the question of what more there is to human nature than cognition, with what it is to be a person (or animal) in the sense of something that would justify our sympathy. We examine pain, emotion, and the abrogation of values as sources of our sympathy for one another. We further argue that our sympathy over each of these unfortunate events is connected with our sense that they are beyond a person' s (or an animal' s) will. Computers, we suggest, ought not to engage our sympathy not because of their limited cognitive capacity, and not because they lack intent, but because their wills are too free.     

Training and Supervision of Counselors at a Residential Grief Camp

Peer-based grief camps, utilizing a volunteer staff, represent one method of mutual aid support for children. Manitou Experience is an example of a week-long residential camp for grieving boys. The recruitment, training, and supervision of Manitou Experience’s camp counselors and clinical team members are explained as they relate to program development and facilitation of positive change in its campers. Strengths and challenges of group processes are explored and discussed.     

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