论《香港特别行政区基本法》的自足性——对基本法第11条第1款的一种解读

香港基本法是香港特区的宪制性法律,其第11条第1款规定,香港实施的各项制度、政策均以本法规定为依据,这在法律上保障了"一国两制"方针所要求的香港本地制度、政策的自足性、独特性与稳定性。因此,这一条款可称为"基本法的自足性条款"。这一条款从宪法第31条延伸而来,所以具有宪法层面的保障作用。在司法层面,香港法院有权根据这一条款化解可能出现的法律冲突,从而维护"基本法的自足性"。     

论国际投资条约征收条款的适用危机

投资条约中几乎"模板化"的征收条款对间接征收缺乏明确的界定,国际仲裁庭在认定间接征收的过程中却表现得相当积极甚至冒进,导致了东道国对非经济利益的维护同外国私人投资者对经济利益的追求之间的冲突,征收条款正遭遇适用性危机。这种冲突首先引发了东道国管理外资的"寒蝉效应",对东道国的外资管制权力造成了阻遏;其次,它还加剧了东道国履行投资条约义务与非投资条约义务之间的冲突;若最终不能解决国家管制权与投资者财产利益之间的有效平衡,征收条款将不得不面临被包括公平公正待遇在内的其他投资条约条款淡化甚至取代的结局。以征收条款为核心的国际投资机制应当建立在全球社会福利最大化价值理念之上,东道国应被赋予在外资管制方面的充分自主权。可以尝试在投资条约中进一步规定与投资有关的环境和人权的内容,尽量避免条约义务之间的冲突。     

美国“301条款”在日本的运用、影响及启示

美国"301条款"在日本的运用是广泛的,既有对单项产品的各种"301条款"调查,也有为了规避"301条款"调查而开启的日美结构协议。日美间长期的产品贸易摩擦形成了典型模式,即美国一旦发起"301条款"调查或启动制裁程序,两国最终都会达成某种协议,或者要求日本实施单项产品的自愿出口限制,或者要求日本在多个领域开放国内市场。在这个过程中,"301条款"调查对于日本先进制造业的影响是相当显著的。在两国制度摩擦层面,表面上看是美国按照自己的意愿"改造"日本的经济结构,日本是在美国的压力下无奈地推进国内结构改革,但实际上日本并不是完全被动地满足美国的诉求,而是基于自身需求,借助美国压力,有选择地顺利推动了国内最重要和最紧迫的经济结构改革。日美两国在双边经贸谈判中的策略值得研究,日本在长期被动应对后的政策转向更具有借鉴意义。     

加入世界贸易组织对我国法律制度的影响及对策

加入世界贸易组织后,我国在法律上主要面临两大问题。一是如何处理好世贸组织规则与我国国内法的关系,以充分享有作为成员的若干权利和利益,妥善履行遵守规则、兑现承诺的义务。二是如何通过法律手段处理好我国社会因加入世贸组织而出现的若干新矛盾、新问题。解决好这两个问题,直接关系到国家利益和国家主权,关系到我国的稳定和发展,关系到我国法制的基本原则和方向。     

《食品安全法》修订草案若干法条设计述评——基于法律实施有效性之维度

《食品安全法》主要调整食品从业者等市场主体的生产经营关系、市场竞争关系及市场监管关系,体现保障实质正义、社会本位、可持续发展的经济法立法理念和经济民主、适度干预的经济法基本原则。"最严厉"的监管政策导向必须体现在具体而微的条款之上。恰当的规制工具的选择和运用必须基于其内在功能的特质,以减少不同工具在食品信息发现和获取功能上的交叉和混乱。在执法机构公权力的行使方面,兼顾程序正义和实体正义均衡,认真考虑执法取证手段的法律效力和执法的便利性,避免执法权的偏离与"异化"。     

从《南京条约》看中西体制和观念的碰撞——中国近代化必要性的案例分析

从"现代化"的研究范式出发,通过分析<南京条约>的各条款在签订时所处的社会体制和观念来阐释当时人们的思想和行为,从中看出作为中古阶段的中国在体制和观念上与近代化的西方有着怎样的差距和碰撞,由此真正理解鸦片战争是中国历史的转折,提出了中国必须近代化的历史使命.     

热议·声音

正热议法无禁止即自由?2015年12月21日,《计生法修改草案》增加条款"禁止以任何形式实施代孕",这是首次试图把"禁止代孕"写入法律。4天之后,《草案》又将"禁止代孕"相关的条款拟删除,《计生法》不规范、不禁止,是否意味着"法不禁止即自由"?实际上,除香港允许非商业代孕之外,中国其他地区按相关法规,任何代孕方式都是非法的,代孕一词又重新回     

收容遣送制度亟需完善--《上海市收容遣送管理条例》剖析

我国加入世贸组织并不是单纯的经济性行为,而是将对社会各个方面产生影响的综合行为.从总体而言,加入世贸有利于中国的经济和社会的发展,但是在一定时期内,尤其是在我国全面启动世贸组织运行机制的初期,它对我国经济、社会以及行政等领域的活动将形成相应的压力.本文所及的是我国加入世贸之际,控制我国城乡间社会水平流动的现有的措施、规章和地方性法规之间的关系如何理顺的具体问题.     

对外资优惠政策的再认识——兼析经济特区优惠待遇的社会成本

本文在肯定优惠政策对于吸引外资具有一定积极作用的同时着重分析了这一政策所存在的明显的局限性及其负面效应 ,在引起资源再迁移中支付不小的社会成本 ,这一点在经济特区引进外资工作中表现得尤为突出。作者指出 :在加入世贸组织后 ,我国应根据世贸组织的有关原则 ,逐步减少优惠政策 ,实现由“优惠政策”向“国民待遇政策”的转换     

GATS与中国服务贸易立法

作者在分析了GATS的四个重要条款 (最惠国待遇条款、国民待遇条款、市场准入条款、逐步自由化原则 )内涵的基础上 ,结合我国服务贸易的立法现状 ,指出应尽快建立统一的服务贸易基本法 ,加快重要部门如旅游、劳务输出、对外工程承包和卫星发射等的立法工作 ,并调整那些相互冲突的条款 ,以推动我国服务业的发展。     

The challenges of corporate social responsibility (CSR) multi-stakeholder practices: searching for a new occupational social work model in China

The emergence of China as a ‘world's factory’ in the new millennium was accompanied by the rise of a new working class which was composed of more than 200 million peasant-workers. As internal migrant labourers, these peasant-workers were deprived of citizenship rights to reside in the city and lacked basic labour rights and protections. In order to address the precarious working conditions of migrant workers who were employed by transnational corporations, a global Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) movement emerged, introducing a wide range of transnational corporate codes of conduct, labour standards and labour rights. This article presents a case study of a transnational CSR multi-stakeholder training programme at a Chinese workplace, in an attempt to demonstrate how capital, transnational NGOs and local labour NGOs – and including social workers – are all involved in the project to promote labour rights in China. Specific focus is placed on the role of social workers in enhancing worker participation in this project; the challenges and dilemmas that they encountered in the process, and suggestions are provided regarding the future development of a new model of occupational social work in China.     

Changes in the taxation of private pensions: Macroeconomic and welfare effects

This paper provides an applied general equilibrium analysis of several alternative taxation regimes applying to private pensions. The analysis focuses on the implications of this and other pension tax regimes for intergenerational equity, national living standards, labour supply, saving and social welfare. The method of analysis is simulation of an open economy overlapping generations CGE model. The model is calibrated to Australia and is used to examine the decision, announced by the Australian Government in its 2006 Budget, to exempt from tax all superannuation (the Australian term for superannuation) benefits received by recipients over 60 years of age.     

WTO与我国劳动力的国际转移

我国是一个人口大国,就业压力是关系到社会稳定发展的重大问题。中国加入WTO后,我国劳动力的国际转移面临着巨大的机遇和挑战。针对我国劳动力在国际流动中存在的渠道窄、规模小、层次低和转移可逆性以及缺乏有效管理等特点和问题,我国应在加快人才的国际流动、推动和加大合法移民的力度和规模以及进一步开拓国际劳务合作等方面做出努力,才能有效地缓解国内的就业压力。     

Social Policy in a Fast-growing Economy: The Case of Chile

Chile has adopted a package of free-market, neo-liberal social policies. This follows a pattern established by the country's largely successful economic policies. Neo-liberal social policy consists of a series of two-tier systems, which are not in contradiction with the economic model. On the contrary, a key function of the social policies is to supplement a dynamic style of capitalist economic development through a number of mechanisms. These include: improving the skills, education and health standards of the labour force; increasing savings in a privately-run pension system; reducing labour costs to firms; and providing a safety net to those whom the "trickle down" does not reach. The paper examines social policy in three sectors: pensions, health and education. It explores historical roots, present characteristics, and the degree of success or othewise of policy in these sectors. The discussion refers to the role played by the legacy of the Pinochet military dictatorship (1973–90), the interface between public and private spheres, the whole question of social policy in the context of fast economic growth under free-market conditions (and the possible presence of causality links), the changing balance of power between suppliers and users of social sector services in favour of the latter, the threat of market failure, and questions such as whether these policies have been successful and whether (or why) Chileans are prepared to accept this unequal two-tier system.     

Social assistance and inclusive growth

The expansion of social assistance in low- and middle-income countries raises important issues for inclusive growth. Labour is by far the principal asset of low-income groups. Changes in the quantity, quality, and allocation of labour associated with social assistance will impact on the productive capacity of low-income groups and therefore on inclusive growth. The article re-assesses the findings reported by impact evaluations of social assistance in low- and middle-income countries to address this issue. Most studies have tested for potentially adverse labour supply incentive effects from transfers but have failed to find supportive evidence. The article highlights findings from this literature on the effects of social assistance on human capital accumulation and labour reallocation. They point to the conclusion that well-designed and well-implemented social assistance contributes to inclusive growth.     

中国法学教育国际化的挑战及对策

我国目前的法学教育方式培养的法律人才远不能适应加入WTO对法律专业人才的需要,不能达到法学教育国际化的标准,无论在教育理念、培养模式、教育体制、培养方法上都与国际需要的高素质、专业化的法律人才相差甚远。因此,重塑一系列适应法学教育国际化需要的人才标准和培养模式,进行一场适应WTO法律服务贸易需要的教育体制改革,势在必行。     

WTO贸易政策对中国林产品贸易政策的影响

以世界贸易组织原则为核心的国际贸易政策越来越多地影响着各种贸易行为和贸易政策制定。林产品贸易是一个国家国际贸易总和的一部分 ,对许多发展中国家来说 ,林产品的进出口蕴藏着极有经济价值的潜能并将为其服务。为适应多边自由贸易体制 ,阐述了WTO贸易政策的一般规范与扩展 ,分析了其对中国林产品贸易政策的影响以及我国林产品贸易面对WTO的贸易政策所应采取的战略对策。     

The Great Recession and Welfare State Reform: Is Retrenchment Really the Only Game Left in Town?

By 2010, when the Greek sovereign debt crisis changed into an existential crisis of the euro, all developed democracies entered a phase in which they had to consolidate their budgets, typically implying a politics of austerity. The scholarly literature, as well as the popular press, suggests that – consequently – welfare retrenchment and cost containment became the only games left in town. In this article, we study the welfare state reform measures taken between 2010 and 2012 in four countries characteristic of mature welfare state regimes (liberal, UK; conservative, Germany; social democratic, Denmark; and hybrid, the Netherlands) to examine empirically whether austerity has indeed become the only item left on the policy menu. Our analysis reveals that retrenchment features prominently on the agenda everywhere, but nowhere by itself. While compensation for income loss is rare since 2010, this still happens. More unexpectedly, reforms in line with a social investment agenda (like expansion of child care or active labour market policies) are still being pursued in all our four cases.     

The Present and future role of ILO standards in realizing the right to social security

The right to social security is accepted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Nonetheless, international human rights instruments and supervisory mechanisms have remained mostly silent about its definition. Within the UN family, it has been left to the ILO to give substance to this right through international labour Convention No. 102. Despite international recognition of the Convention's positive influence as a mechanism to help steer the progressive development of social security, it falls short of obliging minimum requirements for a basic social floor. In examining whether existing ILO standards can help States realize the universal right to at least a basic social security package, the article suggests the need for the ILO to develop new complementary mechanisms, which would also contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and global poverty reduction.     

The disembedded digital economy: Social protection for new economy employment in China

This research focuses upon employment in the new economy, exploring labour protection and social protection in the digital age in China. Through an empirical survey conducted in three Chinese cities, social insurance and the labour rights of employees in the digital economic sector, such as gig employment, e-commerce, and various other forms of online employment, have been examined in-depth. This study reveals new regulatory loopholes in the digital labour market, which have substantially eroded the basis of social policy arrangements in China, “softening” participation in social insurance branches and compliance with labour regulations remarkably. Drawing upon the theoretical concepts of Polanyi on embeddedness and disembeddedness, we argue that the digital employment sector in China has been increasingly disembedded from social institutions and social control. The new configuration in the digital field of social policy requires novel conceptual models and institutional settings to cope with increasing social risks in virtual spaces.