水资源与叙利亚国家安全

地处中东的叙利亚北部有幼发拉底河、底格里斯河水系流经,南部有约旦河水系流经,围绕着水源的争夺,叙利亚与邻国产生了诸多矛盾与纷争.本文分南北两大水系,从水资源的角度分析叙利亚北部与土耳其、伊拉克,南部与约旦、以色列等国之间的纠纷,阐述水资源对叙利亚国家安全的影响.     

阿拉伯国家的调水工程

阿拉伯国家位于西亚、北非,水资源不丰富,工业普遍不发达,农业生产大都不能满足本国需要.由于严重缺水,致使大片荒地无法开垦,耗水多的重化工业难以发展.从这一点上说,今后阿拉伯各国要想真正实现经济腾飞,从根本上摆脱落后和不发达状态,首先必须解决好水的供应问题,具体就是要积极开辟水源,实施跨流域调水工程.目前最主要的调水方案有下列3个:一、杰汉、塞汉河调水工程杰汉河和塞汉河是土耳其南部注入地中海的两条河流,邻近叙利亚,水量较大,且目前利用不多,如果兴建引水渠或输水管把这两条河的水调往叙利亚、约旦、巴勒斯坦和沙特阿拉伯西部,对这几个国家将大有裨益.早在     

刍议开封水系二期工程景观环境设计

该文介绍了开封市的大型城市建设项目——宋都水系二期工程景观环境的规划设计，并阐明了其对开封城市建设发展的重要意义。     

纠偏21年后的叙利亚

1971年,哈菲兹·阿萨德被选为阿拉伯叙利亚共和国总统和复兴党总书记后,叙利亚全国范围展开了一场持久的纠偏运动,经过多年的艰苦奋斗,叙利亚的各行各业得到全面发展,国家呈现出一派欣欣向荣的景象. 哈菲兹·阿萨德今年63岁,有5个孩子,他于1930年10月6日出生在叙利亚拉塔基亚省南部的贾卜来县卡尔达哈村的一个农民家庭,为家中长子.少年时,在该村的一所小学上学,于40年代初在拉塔基亚的一所官办高级中学接受中等教育.二战期间,在叙利亚反对法国占领的斗争中,阿萨德积极参与各种示威游行活动等反占领的斗争和导致1945年法、英占领结束的各种     

古叙利亚语及其与阿拉伯—伊斯兰文明的关系

古叙利亚语即是阿拉姆人通用的阿拉米语的延伸,它的发展和应用在耶稣时代达到顶峰.阿拉姆人是一个古老的民族,他们的故乡在今叙利亚、伊拉克一带.公元前11世纪后朗,阿拉伯姆人在幼发拉底河上游地区建立了横跨东西两岸的王国,后又经征战扩张,疆域及至底格里斯河.公元前9世纪,阿拉姆人在伊拉克南部建立了6个酋长国,公元前7世纪阿拉姆支族迦勒底人建立了新巴比伦王国,其他几个支族也先后在叙利亚的北部和南部建立了酋长国.阿拉米语属闪语系,该语系包括阿卡德语、腓尼基语、希伯来语、阿比西尼亚(今埃塞俄比亚)语、阿拉伯语等.这些语言有着同一渊源,字母发音相似,词汇含义接近,构词方法类同,表明这个语系在历史上曾有一个共同的母语,只是随着时代变迁而消亡.公元前9～6世纪,阿拉米语已成为东起印度西至地中海和埃及的流行语言.20世纪初在埃及南部阿斯旺省费拉岛出土的一批文物中,也发现公元前6世纪波斯阿黑门尼德王朝时期用阿     

约旦的温泉

约旦境内多温泉,计有希迈、扎尔卡河谷、马因、克拉克谷、塔菲拉和阿兹拉克六个温泉区。其中,希迈、马因和塔菲拉温泉名声最大。希迈温泉位于约旦的西北边陲。东部靠山,西北部隔雅穆克河与被以色列占领的叙利亚戈兰高地相望,南部面向东     

水与中东的安全

水资源紧张将成为21世纪人类面临的头等大事。为此,第47届联合国大会诀定每年3月22日为世界水日,以提醒人们对水资源问题的关注。水危机是世界性的,而对中东地区来说更是迫在眉睫和生死攸关的问题。 中东地区探明石油储量占世界总储量的66％,天然气储量占世界的35％,然而,该地区的水资源却极为稀缺,而且主要集中在三大河系,即约旦河,底格里斯——幼发拉底河、尼罗河。约旦河流经以色列、叙利亚和约旦,年均流量为5.2亿立方米;底格里斯——幼发拉底河流经土耳其、叙利亚和伊拉克,年均总流量约740亿立方米;尼罗河流经埃塞俄比亚、苏丹等东非国家和埃及,年均流量为840亿立方米。随着人口     

环球

叙利亚1
　　难民儿童达到100万
　　联合国儿童基金会与难民署近日发表共同声明称，随着叙利亚内战冲突进入第三个年头，被强迫逃离家园、沦为难民的叙利亚儿童人数目前已达到100万，并面临常人难以想像的困苦处境。联合国人道机构正在该国进行有史以来最大规模的救援行动，并就此呼吁国际社会继续提供慷慨支持。     

拉塔基亚港

拉塔基亚港是叙利亚最大的海港,也是叙利亚海上的生命线。它位于叙利亚西北部的地中海沿岸,人口为178,520,是拉塔基亚区的首府。拉塔基亚港有得天独厚的优良环境,是叙利亚长达183公里海岸线的总枢纽,叙利亚通往世界的西大门。它的背后有广阔的农业区作为腹地,滨海平原土壤肥沃、雨水充足,     

黎叙关系对两岸关系的启示

黎巴嫩与叙利亚有着传统"特殊关系"(叙利亚视黎巴嫩为叙利亚一个省,并非主权独立国家),以往黎巴嫩的内政和外交受叙利亚影响很深,甚至其内外政策在一定程度上被叙利亚左右和控制.而我国台湾地区与大陆的关系从某种意义上与黎叙关系有一定相似性,在历史、文化和经济的共同作用下,台湾受到大陆影响非常深刻.并且与黎叙关系相似,我国民主政治仍然处于上升发展期而并非完成期.黎巴嫩不可能追随一个看不清未来的叙利亚同理,中国的未来也影响着台湾的走向.而本文将从黎叙关系和两岸关系的角度,把黎巴嫩自身、中东地缘政治和国际大国三方面因素与台湾统独之争和台海地缘政治结合起来,尝试说明黎巴嫩应对叙利亚而调整外交政策对两岸关系的启示.     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

WHAT IS THE MULTITUDE?

Nicholas Brown and Imre Szeman continue their conversation with Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. (See ‘The Global Coliseum: On Empire’ in Cultural Studies, 16.2, (March 2002), p. 177–192). In this new interview they press the authors of Empire and Multitude on questions that have arisen both out of their own involvement with the theoretical issues generated by Empire and from new areas opened up by Multitude. Why is the multitude not a class? How can the unity of a political project be maintained in the multiplicity of the multitude? Is democracy still a project for the future? Can a political subject constitute itself outside the structure of sovereignty? In other words, what is the multitude?     

DEFINING MOMENTS: THE TENSION BETWEEN RICHNESS AND REACH

The defining moments of traditional spatially based higher education are made up of fixed and fluid experiences. These 'moments' are now creaking as funding per student falls and the romanticized ideal of an education detached from 'real' life falters under the weight of highly variable student experiences. Distance learning in all its guises has always been regarded as inferior by those embedded in the traditional system. However more and more students demand something different from costly campus-based education. It is time for a more open discussion about the tensions between richness and reach and the role that new facilities like the Internet could play in reaching more students without wallowing in the nostalgia that often accompanies such debates.     

A Stylistic Analysis of Hemingway’s A Clean,Well-Lighted Place

One important theme of Hemingway＇s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is the nothingness of life itself, At the beginning of this short story, Hemingway presents a setting--the cafe, which is familiar to us, and then moves our attention to focus on the characters within that setting, The story is told through the dialogues between the two waiters and is in third-person narration, In the following paragraphs we will focus on stylistic characteristics of this short story,     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.     

INFORMATION-CENTRED DESIGN: A methodology for designing virtual meeting DESIGN environments

Development of single-user computer applications has often been based on user-centred or task-centred design methodologies, with some success. These methodologies are also useful for guiding the development of multi-user CSCW applications whenever the basic characteristics of the users, or the type of tasks for which the system is being designed are identifiable. The effectiveness of these methodologies as a basis for the design of virtual meeting environments for supporting community-based activities, on the other hand, is rather limited. This is mainly due to the fact that for such systems it is not generally possible to identify the user or task requirements, as these vary considerably from one community to another, or even within the same community over a period of time. New methodologies need to be devised, or existing methodologies have to be modified, to direct the development of virtual environments for which the characteristics of the users or their activities are not known in advance. This paper introduces the concept of information-centred design. Information-centred design, though not fully devised yet, focuses on the identification of the type of information, as well as the way it is collected and utilized by the users of a virtual meeting environment. This pool of information, which plays an important role in facilitating interaction and communication between the members of a community, could be defined as their communal memory.     

L’adaptation des modèles de production dans les pays émergents L’exemple de l’industrie automobile en Argentine

How to test for the existence of a new model of production based on the firm lending an ear to customer demands and valuing the individual and collective intelligence of its work force? The facts for putting this model to the test of reality come from an analysis of two Argentinean automobile-makers, subsidiaries of Toyota and Volkswagen. Various aspects of their organization policy provide evidence of their capacity for making adaptations by “hybridizing” the parent firm’s model with the rationales inherent in the network of local actors (suppliers and labor unions, in particular). These firms are open systems with a narrow margin of maneuver. — Special issue: Latin America.     

Celebrating the 21st anniversary of empowerment evaluation with our critical friends

This special topic edition of E&PP presents the insights of luminaries in the field who have helped shape empowerment evaluation with their critiques, concerns, and congratulations. We celebrate their contributions to empowerment evaluation. This special topic edition of E&PP presents their comments about an evaluation approach that, according to president Stewart Donaldson, has “gone viral” across the globe (Donaldson, 2015).To set the stage for these critical friends’ comments, additional context for their discussion is provided. In addition, this special topic edition concludes with a brief comment on their thoughts.     

The Politics of Pain and the End of Empire

This article is a discussion of the role of feeling and emotion, and particularly the experience of pain, in contemporary global political events. In placing pain at the center of an analysis of a lived experience of global politics, the aim is to forge strategies to resist neoliberal imperialism and to create emotionally literate political communities. Drawing on the work of Elaine Scarry, Sara Ahmed and Frantz Fanon, the article situates the concept of emotions in a modern colonial landscape that is both racialized and gendered, complicated by neoliberalism as a subjectivity that contains the scope for emotions. As a case study, the article considers the emotions of viewing the deliberate infliction of pain through the circulation of the ‘Abu Ghraib photos’, particularly in the form of recent museum exhibitions in the USA.