价格折扣呈现方式对促销效果影响的实证研究

本文按照信息处理这一研究框架,通过两个实验研究了基于金额和基于百分比的两种价格折扣呈现方式对消费者感知价值、购买意愿的影响及其边界条件。由于消费者头脑中处理基于百分比的价格折扣信息比处理基于金额的价格折扣信息具有更大的难度,从而消费者能够对后者产生更高的感知价值和购买意愿。又因为价格折扣计算难易程度和促销品价格是价格呈现形式对影响感知价值的两个边界条件,且价格折扣对购买意愿的影响是通过感知价值这一中介变量得以实现的,因此对于容易计算的价格折扣或者低价促销品,两种折扣形式对消费者感知价值的影响差异将消失。     

基于降价预期的生鲜农产品定价策略研究

顾客的价格感知影响需求。以降价预期刻画顾客对当前价格的感知,针对零售商在维持需求和利润最大化条件下降价两种策略,研究了生鲜农产品的最优定价问题。研究表明,零售商的利润随着价格认同系数增加而增大;顾客对独立产品存在降价预期不会影响零售商的利润,但是对替代品存在降价预期,零售商的利润会下降;零售商若能完全观察到顾客存在降价预期,将抬高初始价格。     

在线交易中认知需要对整合价与分离价感知的影响

整合定价和分离定价是目前在线交易中普遍使用的定价策略。以224个大学本科生被试,将实验情景控制为回忆驱动和刺激驱动两种信息感知模式,通过两个2×2情景实验,探讨在不同的信息感知模式下,面对整合定价和分离定价两种不同的价格表述框架时,认知需要不同的消费者对产品的价值感知和购买意向的差异。研究结果表明,在回忆驱动下,高认知需要的消费者在整合定价时比分离定价时对产品有更高的价值感知和购买意向,而低认知需要的消费者在两种定价策略下没有显著差异;在刺激驱动下,高认知需要的消费者在分离定价时比整合定价时对产品有更高的价值感知和购买意向,低认知需要消费者则正好相反。该结论对营销管理具有现实意义,营销者可根据广告媒介和目标顾客的不同来选择整合定价和分离定价。     

降价及后悔对消费者价值损害的影响实证研究

企业采用价格手段进行竞争不可避免，但降价对于已经购买了产品的顾客而言究竟造成何种影响尚缺乏深入探讨。采用实证研究方法。通过情景模拟实验讨论了产品降价现象和后悔感受对于已购买产品的顾客在价值感知上的负面影响。运用结构方程模型分析变量间的关系，研究的主要发现有：顾客购买产品后，其预期的主观降价幅度受到产品使用时间长度和顾客心理折旧等因素的影响．当市场实际降价幅度越是超过顾客的预期合理降价幅度时，顾客的价值感受将越受到显著伤害．心理折旧程度并不直接影响到顾客价值感受，而是通过预期价格降价幅度发挥作用，顾客后悔对于价值损失感受的影响具有调节效应。     

易逝品降价时点设定问题的Cournot博弈模型

本文基于Gallego和van Ryzin的两级价格策略,构建了两种竞争性易逝品降价时点设定问题的Cournot博弈模型,应用图解法求得Cournot均衡点,得出在竞争环境下先动企业会推迟降价时点而后动企业会提前降价的结论,通过实例分析验证了这一结论,同时指出了转移概率对均衡结果的影响.研究结果可为竞争环境下易逝性产品降价策略的制定提供决策支持.     

购后时间对降价导致后悔情绪影响的探讨——基于产品类型的视角

降价促销导致的后悔情绪会随着购后时间间隔的不同而出现差异。该文从自责和心理折旧两个影响后悔的主要因素出发,结合产品类型理论,对购后时间间隔对降价引致的后悔情绪的影响机制进行了深入探讨。研究结果表明,相同降价幅度下,购后时间间隔对消费者因降价导致的后悔情绪有显著负向影响。在这种影响路径中,自责具有中介作用。此外,对于功能型产品,心理折旧在购后时间间隔对降价引致的后悔情绪的影响也具有中介作用。     

网络团购情景下价格折扣与购买人数对消费者冲动购买意愿的影响机制研究

随着电子商务的飞速发展,在线冲动购买已成为一种普遍的现象并开始引起研究者们的关注.论文基于S-O-R模型,研究网络团购情景下两个重要因素:价格折扣与购买人数如何通过影响消费者的购买情绪及感知风险,从而影响冲动购买意愿,并提出了冲动购买的形成机制模型.本研究通过一个眼动实验收集眼动数据和问卷数据对理论模型进行了检验.问卷数据的分析结果显示(1)价格折扣与购买人数都对消费者唤起感具有显著积极影响,但只有价格折扣对于消费者感知风险具有消极影响;(2)唤起感与感知风险都通过对愉悦感的积极/消极作用对消费者冲动购买意愿产生影响;(3)购买人数正向调节价格折扣对唤起感的正向作用.眼动数据的分析结果进一步支持了这些结论,并提供了可能的解释.     

易逝性产品降价时点的Stackelberg博弈

本文研究了采用两级价格策略的易逝性产品关于降价时点的Stackelberg博弈模型,应用图解法获得了Stackelberg均衡点,得出在竞争环境下先动企业会推迟降价而后动企业会提前降价的结论,通过算例验证了这一结论,并指出了转移概率对博弈结果的影响.     

O2O外卖价格促销策略对消费者购买意愿的影响研究

O2O外卖行业如何通过差异化促销策略提升用户体验、提高购买意愿,是O2O外卖平台和餐饮商家十分关注的问题。O2O外卖常见的价格促销方式有13种,本文将其梳理归纳为三类促销策略：优惠券类、折扣类和附加服务费优惠类。基于刺激-机体-反应模型（SOR模型）,引入感知促销价值因素,建立O2O外卖价格促销策略对消费者购买意愿影响机制的理论模型;通过问卷星在线收集567份样本数据并进行结构方程模型分析,针对不同价格促销策略对潜在消费者购买意愿的影响路径和作用机制进行实证检验,并验证感知促销利益和感知促销成本的中介效应。研究结果表明,在三类价格促销策略中,优惠券类促销策略对潜在消费者购买意愿的影响最大;附加服务费优惠类促销策略对于O2O外卖消费者的购买意愿影响不大;与优惠券类促销策略直接促使消费者做出购买决策不同,折扣类促销策略下消费者需要对感知促销成本和感知促销利益进行权衡后做出最终购买决策。研究结论为O2O外卖平台和餐饮商家改进现有促销策略提供理论依据和参考。     

考虑消费者预期的电动汽车分时租赁市场价格竞争模型

分时租赁平台作为电动汽车推广的主要方式，其特征与打车软件类似，在风险资本的推动下极易引发价格战。各租车公司的市场需求量不仅与自己的定价有关，也与竞争对手的定价策略相关，目标都是各自利润的最大化。本文在考虑消费者预期的基础上，研究了需求函数为线性情形下的多人博弈，证明了此博弈是超模博弈以及Nash均衡的存在性和唯一性。并进一步揭示了降价幅度、交叉价格和价格敏感消费群体占比对均衡价格、均衡需求量和利润的影响关系，讨论了价格竞争过程中各租车公司的决策过程与利弊关系。结果表明：任意租车公司的降价行为都会引发整个市场的降价反应，且降价幅度随着博弈阶段的推进逐渐减小，最终收敛于均衡价格；动态定价博弈存在最优组合策略，市场竞争时应当把握好降价幅度，避免过度的价格竞争；均衡价格是关于消费者预期的单调减函数，价格敏感的消费群体占比越大，租车公司间价格竞争越激烈，降价幅度会越大，均衡价格越低；对于市场份额大的租车公司利润是关于价格敏感型消费者占比的单调增函数，但对中小租车公司而言则是单调减函数，价格敏感的消费者越多，对大公司有利，对中小公司不利。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.