社会资本,人力资本与下岗职工的再就业

本文将下岗职工的再就业视为一个职业地位获得的过程 ,通过对武汉市 471名下岗职工的实证研究 ,着重考察了职工拥有的社会资本 (通过其社会支持网络可获得的资源 )和人力资本 (对教育、职业培训和健康等的投资 )对其地位获得所起的作用。文章认为 ,社会资本仅对职工能否获得再就业有显著影响 ,而人力资本则不仅影响职工再就业机会的获得 ,而且影响着他们再就业的职业声望和收入水平。在此基础上 ,文章进一步探讨了中国社会结构转型的特点和再就业工程实施的紧迫性     

人力信息传递与关系网络的变动——以职业流动的个案为例.

关系网络未必总是积极的,从而也未必总能构成社会资本。本文试图将信息经济学的信号传递问题与社会学的关系网络研究结合起来,以职业流动的个案为例,来探讨人力投资、信息传递与关系网络改变的逻辑联系。在求职过程中,行为者随机会集合的状况不同会对关系网络有不同的倾向;行为者可选择的机会集合与其人力的状况、人力显示方式和程度有着密切的关系。在机会集合一定的情况下,关系网络除了有助于行为者获取职业信息之外,还会影响外界对他／她的评价,进而影响其人力信息的传递;而对自己感兴趣的方向进行人力投资不仅会改善人力状况,还能多样化人力显示方式（包含改变关系网络在内）,强化人力显示程度。     

城市居民个人背景与职业适应性研究——以杭州市为例.

本文利用问卷调查所得资料,定量描述了现阶段城市居民的职业综合适应水平的基本情况,并运用高级统计方法探讨了与城市居民职业适应水平相关的因素。研究发现,城市居民的职业综合适应水平较高。与城市居民职业适应水平密切相关的因素主要有本人的政治面貌、勤奋与否、职称水平（中级、高级）、母亲一般职务以及社会网络规模。通过上述的分析与讨论,笔者初步构建了一个关于城市居民职业适应性的分析图,试图阐释了城市居民阶层背景因素、竞争能力因素、社会支持网因素对其职业适应水平的影响关系。笔者认为,相对而言,城市居民的竞争能力对其职业适应性的影响更强一些。     

Labor Market Segmentation,Job Mobility and the Two-track Model of Chinese Urban Workers＇ Acquisition of Economic Status

使用“2009年中国社会网络与职业经历调查”（JSNET2009）广州、上海、厦门、济南和西安五城市数据,检验了改革以后影响中国城市劳动者职业流动模式以及经济地位获得的因素。研究结果表明,高学历劳动者与低学历劳动者群体处于两个分割的劳动力市场中,他们的经济地位获得路径完全不同。对于低学历劳动者,职业流动是提升他们收入水平的最重要因素,而人力资本因素（受教育年限和工作经验）对他们的收入没有影响。高学历劳动者的情况刚好相反,职业流动对收入获得没有任何作用,影响他们收入分层的最重要因素是人力资本。本研究揭示了转型期中国城市地区不同劳动力市场劳动者的经济地位获得的二元路径模式。     

文化资本与社会地位获得(英文)

文化资本是影响个人教育获得和社会地位获得的重要因素。基于2008年上海市社会结构调查数据,从广义文化资本出发,分别测量父母和子女文化资本对地位获得的作用。研究发现：父母和子女文化资本存量越高,子女受教育年限越长;子女文化资本对地位获得具有显著影响;在控制性别、父亲职业等变量后,文化资本越多,越有可能进入更高阶层;教育、家庭文化氛围和文化投资对地位获得具有持续且稳定的作用;文化资本是社会下层实现向上流动的有效手段。     

劳动力市场分割、职业流动与城市劳动者经济地位获得的二元路径模式(英文)

使用2009年中国社会网络与职业经历调查(JSNET2009)广州、上海、厦门、济南和西安五城市数据,检验了改革以后影响中国城市劳动者职业流动模式以及经济地位获得的因素。研究结果表明,高学历劳动者与低学历劳动者群体处于两个分割的劳动力市场中,他们的经济地位获得路径完全不同。对于低学历劳动者,职业流动是提升他们收入水平的最重要因素,而人力资本因素(受教育年限和工作经验)对他们的收入没有影响。高学历劳动者的情况刚好相反,职业流动对收入获得没有任何作用,影响他们收入分层的最重要因素是人力资本。本研究揭示了转型期中国城市地区不同劳动力市场劳动者的经济地位获得的二元路径模式。     

求职过程的微观分析：结构特征模型

本文将人力资本理论、地位获得模型和劳动力市场分割理论置于中国社会转型背景下的微观求职过程，研究经济地位与社会地位获得影响因素的差异性。研究发现，在控制了其他特征结构变量之后，教育回报率显著下降，显示了结构性因素的重要性；先赋性与自致性因素对社会地位与经济地位获得有不同的影响；体制分割下，先赋性与自致性因素对求职结果的作用强度有着显著差异。     

区域社会转型与城市居民的社会资本研究

本文使用CGSS2006调查数据,分析了城市社会转型对居民社会资本获取和动员过程的具体影响。研究发现,在社会资本获得过程中,城市社会转型不会影响居民社会资本的地位效应却影响了居民社会资本网络位置效应,“超大城市”居民在社会网络资本的“网络位置效应”因子均值上显著地低于“小城市”居民;随着城市规模的增大,市场化程度对教育的社会资本地位效应获取率的负向影响有越来越小。在社会资本动员过程中,市场化程度与社会资本地位效应因子的经济回报率正相关,而与社会资本网络位置效应的经济回报率不相关。     

农民工社会资本与经济地位之获得——基于北京市农民工样本的研究

在农村劳动力向城市大规模转移的过程中,农民工社会资本和社会关系强弱影响工资收入和职业流动.通过对北京市农民工样本的经验研究,发现社会资本对农民工经济地位的获得有较为显著的影响,其中社会资本对农民工收入的影响要比对农民工职业流动影响大并且显著.在农民工同质性社会网络和社会资本中融入异质性与强制性限制农民工在非农部门就业前的受教育程度,是农民非农就业管理在实证意义上有价值的两条思路.     

城市夫妻间的婚内暴力冲突及其对健康的影响.

家庭暴力的研究领域充满了各种争论。在对现有的理论作出综合阐述和评论后,本文运用全国范围内有代表性的随机抽样调查数据,分析中国城市夫妻间的暴力冲突及其对健康的影响。本文发现,夫妻间的婚内暴力冲突在中国城市家庭中并不少见。其中,施暴者夸大而受害者隐瞒其受侵犯的经历。夫妻间的嫉妒情绪显著地增加暴力冲突的可能性。比丈夫收入更高的女性受侵害的可能性更高。生活压力,如学龄前小孩和较低的社会经济地位,增加暴力冲突的发生。家庭暴力对受害者,特别是女性的健康状况有着显著的负面影响。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).