伊斯兰人类学

伊斯兰人类学是在认可伊斯兰、人类和知识的普世原则下对穆斯林群体的研究.伊斯兰人类学有助于改变穆斯林被观察,而不是主动观察的地位.伊斯兰只有一种,但穆斯林社会有多种形态,可分为部落分裂型、奥斯曼型、大河伊斯兰文明、西方帝国主义下的伊斯兰、重现伊斯兰五种模式.人类学家必须超越自我、自身的文化和世界,达到能够根据研究对象特殊的人性进行言说并理解的状态.     

伊斯兰教中国化路径再考——宗教文化类型分析法述要

本人多年从事穆斯林社会及伊斯兰文化研究,主要利用两种分析模式——知识体系论和社会结构论。这两种理论模式反映了伊斯兰教在中国不同穆斯林社会中的实际融入路径。这种伊斯兰文化论的理论基础是宗教文化类型分析法,是改革开放以来我国民族学人类学理论发展过程中演化发展来的理论模式。伊斯兰文化与各信仰民族的社会文化融合,形成具有不同特征的宗教文化复合体,我们可以对其进行客观合理的分类分析。使用宗教文化类型概念,可以对分布在全国各地不同穆斯林社会中伊斯兰教的传播发展方式进行整体特征分析,为比较研究奠定一个合理的学术基础,然后再深入各个地区了解不同穆斯林群体中伊斯兰教的特点,最终形成对伊斯兰教中国化的多样模式及其发挥作用的实践形态的有效研究。     

哈尔滨穆斯林婚俗演变探析

哈尔滨穆斯林的传统婚姻习俗受伊斯兰文化影响而别具特色,但在时代进步的背景下,穆斯林的传统婚俗在保持着伊斯兰价值观和文化特点的同时,也悄然发生了改变.     

世界屋脊上的伊斯兰文化

7世纪 ,伊斯兰与吐蕃几乎同时兴起。 13世纪 ,伊斯兰已推进到青藏高原的四缘。伊斯兰文化不可避免地与藏文化发生互动。伊斯兰文化与藏文化互动的结果是 :一方面 ,入藏穆斯林逐渐土著化 ,使藏地伊斯兰文化独具特色 ;另一方面 ,伊斯兰文化以各种方式渗入或作用于藏文化 ,丰富了藏文化的体系。本文从族称、物质和技术文化、穆斯林社区、教育和著述、精神文化的交流等方面描述伊斯兰文化在藏区的存在     

重建穆斯林文明

本文作者站在人类文明的发展高度,面对伊斯兰世界和西方世界在全球化进程中的现状与动态,提出了一个广受世人关注的时代主题:怎样理解穆斯林文明?穆斯林文明在当代怎样重建?作者经过长期的思考和研究,从伊斯兰的世界观、伊斯兰认识论和伊斯兰教法、伊斯兰的政治、社会结构、经济、科学技术、环境等七个方面,对穆斯林文明的重建进行了独到的阐释和论述.作者深刻而敏锐地指出:"穆斯林文明是一个历史的、连续的统一体;它已经存在于过去,并存在于现在,也必将存在于未来.迈向未来的每一步都要求我们对于伊斯兰世界观有更进一步的新的阐释;迈向未来的每一步都祈求能产生使穆斯林与飞速发展的时代保持同步的富有生机的创制(igitihad).穆斯林文明是兴,是衰,是停滞不前,取决于穆斯林社会对于伊斯兰的阐释,只有重建穆斯林文明,才能迎接新的挑战."作者的阐述,对于我们认识穆斯林文明的时代性重大课题具有积极的学术文化参考价值.     

中国伊斯兰文化节约理念及当代意义

俭而不吝是中国伊斯兰文化节约理念的重要内容。节俭为本是中国穆斯林的行为准则,伊儒相通是中国伊斯兰文化节约理念的理论来源。中国穆斯林的节约习惯是一种文化自觉行为,也是一种道德涵养。在我国政府高度重视并强调"资源节约型与环境友好型社会"之际,中国伊斯兰文化节约理念有着积极意义。     

中国穆斯林国际交往的历史传统与现实意义

中国穆斯林及中国伊斯兰教界的国际交往历史悠久,内容丰富。千百年来,中外穆斯林在经济、文化以及宗教领域一直保持着联系,往来不绝。中国穆斯林富有特色的民族文化,既是中华文化的重要组成部分,也是中华文明与阿拉伯伊斯兰文明交往、交融的历史成果。中华人民共和国建立后,中国穆斯林及中国伊斯兰教界的国际交往进入了新的历史时期,交往领域不断拓宽,交往层次显著提升。今天,在进一步全面深化改革开放、推动"一带一路"建设的新形势下,中国伊斯兰教界和各族穆斯林以更加开放的姿态和更加自信的精神开展国际交往,对于弘扬伊斯兰教的和平精神,抵御和防范各种极端思想的流布,增进中国穆斯林与世界各国穆斯林之间的友谊,弘扬"亲诚惠容"的外交理念,促进中国人文外交事业的发展,具有重要的现实意义。     

日本穆斯林社会的形成与现状——东西文化交流中的新现象与新课题

伊斯兰教传入日本较晚,在明治中后期,穆斯林人数少,还没有形成其独特的宗派传承、宗教理论和文化传统。因此,日本穆斯林社会与文化形成及现状还没有成为历史学、社会学及宗教学的研究对象。本文从几个方面,论述了日本穆斯林的历史发展、现实社会状况及文化民俗等,对日本社会国际化关系中的伊斯兰发展也作了深入的探讨。     

论基督教传教士字威默对伊斯兰教的认识转变及其影响

基督教传教士字威默在19世纪末到20世纪中叶活跃于穆斯林世界,并致力于穆斯林传教事业.20世纪初,字威默对伊斯兰教的认识发生了转变,即由对伊斯兰教教义的批判,转向寻求基督教与伊斯兰教的共识与对话,这一转变也影响着基督教对中国穆斯林的传教事业.     

波斯伊斯兰文明对中国伊斯兰文明的贡献及其深远影响

波斯伊斯兰文明和阿拉伯伊斯兰文明一样,与中国伊斯兰文明的历史有着千丝万缕的关系。时至今日主要信奉逊尼派的中国穆斯林社会中,仍然可以发现许多伊朗什叶派的痕迹。波斯籍的传教士、波斯语的伊斯兰宗教经籍,对于中国穆斯林恪守宗教信仰、保存民族文化,起到了相当重要的作用。以波斯—阿拉伯伊斯兰文明为内核的中国伊斯兰文明,对中国穆斯林的未来发展走向,必将继续起着深远的影响。     

Religiosity,Citizenship and Belonging: The Everyday Experiences of Young Australian Muslims

Abstract

Since 11 September 2001 Muslim Diasporas have emerged as objects of anxiety in Western societies. Underlying this (in)security-driven problematisation is the question of whether Muslims living in the West have the capacity to become fully active citizens while maintaining their religious beliefs, rituals and practices. This apprehension has prompted reactionary government programmes, particularly targeting young Muslims. Such responses fail to recognise the societal capacities that practising Muslims possess, including those informed by the ethical precepts of Islamic faith. This paper argues that it is timely to explore expressions of Islamic religiosity as they are grounded in everyday multicultural environments. The paper draws on survey data and interviews conducted with Muslims living in Melbourne, Australia. We take into consideration key variables of age and generation to highlight how young, practising Muslims enact citizenship through Islamic rituals and faith-based practices and traditions. The paper will draw from key findings to argue that these performances provide a foundation for exploring ways of ‘living’ together in a manner that privileges ethics central to Islamic faith traditions.     

Muslims Opposing Violent Radicalism and Extremism: Strategies of Swedish Sufi Communities

Europe has seen the development of a new research agenda in response to Islamist terror attacks of recent years. Researchers are not only trying to solve the “radicalization puzzle” in order to understand the reasons why young Muslims in Western countries are attracted to extremism, but they are also making proposals for de-radicalizing extremists and creating relationships of trust with Muslim communities. Directly or indirectly, Europe’s Muslim minorities are the objects of the interventions and preventive work under discussion. This study suggests an alternative approach. Rather than regarding Muslims in Europe as more or less passive objects of various anti-extremism interventions, it directs attention toward the strategies developed by European Muslims themselves in fighting Islamist extremism. Using qualitative interviews with leaders of five Sufi communities in Sweden, the study examines a series of strategies for meeting the challenges posed by extremists.     

News Media Coverage of Islam and Muslims in Australia: An Opinion Survey among Australian Muslims

Existing research has explored the ways the mainstream news media covers Muslims and Islam, but few studies have examined Muslims’ reactions to this reporting. Studies that have investigated this issue have identified that the responses of Muslims to news media coverage tend to be largely negative because of the lack of Muslim news sources, the stereotypical representation of Muslims in news coverage, the portrayal of Muslims as the enemy within, and the conflation of Muslims with terrorism. This paper further explores the attitudes of Muslims to news media coverage of Islam and Muslims by drawing on data from 14 focus groups (N?=?104 participants) conducted with Australian Muslims. Similar to previous research, findings reveal that Australian Muslims are highly critical of news media coverage of Islam and Muslims and express concern about the divisiveness that such portrayal can have for Australian society. However, the study participants also had positive comments to make about the news media. Possible solutions to negative news media portrayals of Muslims are considered.     

‘I grew a beard and my dad flipped out!’ Co-option of British Muslim parents in countering ‘extremism’ within their families in Bradford and Leeds

Research on the effects of counter-terrorism has argued that Muslims are constructed as a ‘suspect community’. However, there remains a paucity of research exploring divisive effects membership to a ‘suspect community’ has on relations within Muslim families. Drawing from interviews conducted in 2010–2011 with British Muslims living in Bradford or Leeds, I address this gap by examining how co-option of Muslim parents to counter extremism fractures relations within Muslim families. I show that internalising fears of their children being radicalised or indeed radicalising others, means parents judge young Muslims’ religious practices through a restrictive moderate/extremist binary. I advance the category of ‘internal suspect body’ which is materialised through two intersecting conditions: the suspected Muslim extremist to lookout for and young Muslims at risk of radicalisation. I delineate the reproductive effects of terrors of counter-terrorism on Muslims’ experiences as they traverse state, intra-group and individual levels.     

英国牛津市考利穆斯林社区汤瓶民俗文化变迁研究

汤瓶①是穆斯林所共享、传承的风俗习惯,是信仰伊斯兰教的穆斯林在生产生活过程中所形成的物质的、精神的文化现象。汤瓶民俗文化传入英国牛津市至今表现出了传承性和变异性的特征。研究表明,考利社区印巴穆斯林移民族群内部的发展、外部接触等是引起汤瓶民俗文化变迁的重要内外因。     

“回回”：历史解释与文化表述

历来对回族族称的解释仅限于正统的历史考证的方式。本文认为 ,虽然回族族称有其历史的客观性的一面 ,但在现实发展中又逐渐显露出其非历史的主观性的一面 :即作为文化主体的回民在特定文化氛围之中对自我的阐释 ,这些阐释体现在回族民间广为流传的故事、传说及回族学者的著述之中 ,并流行不衰。从历史的考证来看 ,回族族称的获得是一个历史的偶然 ;但在作为穆斯林的回民看来 ,这里体现着来自造物主的意志 ,即历史的必然性。这是一种自我的文化表述 ,其中体现了他们对自我的认知、对自我价值的肯定、对自我文化和生活方式的思考 ,是回族文化 (说汉语的穆斯林的文化 )的起点和终点     

Social Construction of Ethnic Identity and Conflict: The Cases of the Chechen and the Uighur

This paper examines and compares ethnic identities of the Chechen and the Uighur, and their relations with Russia and China, respectively. The Russian–Chechen relationship, which has seen centuries of intense hatred and intolerance, appears to be entering a period of peace and some acceptance. In contrast, the Chinese–Uighur relationship has been mostly begrudgingly stable for a century, but rising tensions in Xinjiang could spell disaster in the years to come. We argue that identities of the Chechen and the Uighur and their interactions and conflict with Russia and China are consequences of historical legacies and social, religious and political forces. Our research supports scholarly arguments that a strong sense of marginalization endured by Muslims and trauma and anger experienced by Chechen and Uighur Muslims all play major roles in the violence and terrorist behavior conducted by both the Chechen and Uighur.     

Muslim Family Law in Southern Thailand: A Historical Overview

Muslims have long a history of practicing Islamic law where Muslim communities are the minority. In Thailand, past governments have positively included Islamic law as a legitimate source of personal law for Muslims in the southern regions. Consequently, Muslims are governed by two different sets of laws in Thailand, one is Islamic law and the other is the secular law. However, only Islamic law is applicable for Muslims especially in settling their matrimonial disputes and inheritance. Islamic family law has a long history and has been preserved for the betterment and benefits of Muslim citizens especially in the four Muslim provinces of Thailand. This study aims to describe the development of Islamic law through the different periods of governments in southern Thailand. The development of Islamic family law and the application of Islamic law along with its judicial aspects under the administration of Thailand will also be discusssed.     

伊斯兰教的统一性与多样性

作为一种普世性的宗教,伊斯兰教在保持信仰核心一致性的基础上,包容信仰者之间存在的对宗教的多样性理解,吸纳不同地区和不同民族信仰者文化传统的特点,从阿拉伯民族的信仰发展成为真正的世界性宗教。多样性与一致性的共存,既是伊斯兰教经典和历史上伟大的思想家们所认可的,也是上千年历史的事实。今天,穆斯林应承继这一传统,在维护信仰核心理念的基础上,为弘扬伊斯兰教的伟大精神和世界和平作出贡献。     

也谈"消经"《开以达尼》

本文就近些年来国内一些研究伊斯兰教和“消经”的学者对广泛流传于西北穆斯林社区的伊斯兰教法经“消经”《开以达尼》的研究中出现的一些问题,本着历史研究必须实事求是,言之有据,持之有理的原则,根据“消经”《开以达尼》塔什干原版本和调查资料,对它的作者、著述时间、印书地点、内容、翻译和版本等相关性的问题,以及它与回族穆斯林创造的拼音文字———“消经”的关系和意义进行考证和阐释,以期澄清此经典所涉及的一些问题。