Description and Evaluation of an Approach to Implementing Programs in Organizational Settings

A broad-based approach to implementing programs is described and evaluation information is reported from two investigations of its use by program managers in educational organizations. The approach consists of a framework of program implementation factors from which implementation procedures are derived. The procedures then are used by a manager to help facilitate implementation of a program according to plan. In the first investigation, three program managers were trained in the approach to assist them in implementing a behavioral group counseling program in three public high schools. In the second investigation, a program manager was trained to help implement a case management system in an elementary school. Results of both investigations suggest that managers were able to utilize the program implementation procedures, with their respective programs being more completely implemented when the procedures were applied. Reactions aboul the approach obtained from human service program managers, following both investigations, suggest that it may be a worthwhile managerial strategy. Advantages and limitations of the approach are considered and its relationship to organizational behavior management is discussed.     

Joint Stocking and Product Offer Decisions Under the Multinomial Logit Model

This article studies a joint stocking and product offer problem. We have access to a number of products to satisfy the demand over a finite selling horizon. Given that customers choose among the set of offered products according to the multinomial logit model, we need to decide which sets of products to offer over the selling horizon and how many units of each product to stock so as to maximize the expected profit. We formulate the problem as a nonlinear program, where the decision variables correspond to the stocking quantity for each product and the duration of time that each set of products is offered. This nonlinear program is intractable due to its large number of decision variables and its nonseparable and nonconcave objective function. We use the structure of the multinomial logit model to formulate an equivalent nonlinear program, where the number of decision variables is manageable and the objective function is separable. Exploiting separability, we solve the equivalent nonlinear program through a dynamic program with a two dimensional and continuous state variable. As the solution of the dynamic program requires discretizing the state variable, we study other approximate solution methods. Our equivalent nonlinear program and approximate solution methods yield insights for good offer sets.     

An Activation Program as a Stick to Job Finding

In an experimental setting some Danish unemployed workers were assigned to an activation program whereas others were not. The unemployed who were assigned to the activation program found a job more quickly. We show that the activation effect increases with the distance between the place of residence of the unemployed worker and the place where the activation took place. We also find that the quality of the post‐unemployment jobs was not affected by the activation program. Both findings confirm that the activation program mainly worked because it was compulsory and the unemployed did not like it. The activation program worked as a stick to job finding.     

网络视频媒体同步播出节目运营策略研究

本文以两个网络视频媒体提供有质量差异的视频节目为研究对象,通过理论建模分析两个网络视频媒体节目提供模式与在线广告定价模式的最优选择问题。研究发现,在均衡条件下低质量网络视频媒体的用户只选择其免费模式的视频节目,低质量网络视频媒体应提供免费模式的视频节目且选择CPC广告定价模式,通过广告来获取得收益;高质量网络视频媒体的用户只选择其收费节目,高质量网络视频媒体应提供收费模式的视频节目,通过节目收费获得收益。低质量网络视频媒体的免费节目的用户规模要大于高质量网络视频媒体的用户规模,并且两者节目质量差异的缩小将导致两者的用户规模的差距扩大。本文的研究结论对已融合网络视频新媒体的传统电视媒体在制定节目策略时也有一定的借鉴意义。     

子网络视角下项目群合同项目工期延误诊断模型研究

项目群工期延误诊断是项目群进度目标控制的一项重要任务。总时差可用于判断项目群中某项工作延误对项目群总工期的延误程度,但没有解决某项工作延误对其自身合同项目和后续合同项目工期延误程度的判断问题。本文根据多项目管理和项目群管理理论,通过引入项目群子网络,研究并构建了基于子网络的项目群结构。在此基础上,运用关键路径法（CPM）,系统地研究了因子网络中合同项目某工作工期延误对自身子网络以及项目群中后续子网络工期的影响,提出了子网络后主链定理以及前主链总时差定理,从而实现子网络视角下项目群合同项目工期延误的诊断分析。结合算例进行了具体阐述与应用。最后就如何应用人工智能算法实现项目群进度及其影响因素进行实时监控提出研究思路。本文研究成果为子网络承包商的工期延误责任划分以及索赔提供依据。     

回报计划感知价值及其与计划忠诚和品牌忠诚的关系研究

目前,客户回报计划已成为一种重要的关系营销手段,相关问题也开始引起学术界的关注。本文研究了回报计划的不同形式是如何影响客户对计划的感知价值的,同时回报计划的感知价值又是如何影响计划忠诚和品牌忠诚的,并且在研究的过程中考虑了产品或服务对客户涉入度的调节作用。结果显示,仅回报类型对计划感知价值的影响受到涉入度的调节,强涉入度下直接回报优于间接回报;而回报时间和回报额度对计划感知价值的影响不受涉入度的调节,延迟回报和差额回报优于立即回报和等额回报。同时,在强涉入度情况下,回报计划的感知价值通过直接和间接两务途径影响品牌忠诚;而在低涉入度争件下,回报计划感知价值对品牌忠诚没有直接影响,而是通过计划忠诚间接影响品牌忠诚。     

Quality assurance in an IPA setting

The experience at CIGNA Healthplans shows that a quality assurance program can be instituted in an IPA-model HMO at low cost and with the addition of little new staff. Existing resources can be effectively restructured to implement a functional program of a traditional type that is easily understood by employer groups, members, and providers. It can serve as a transitional process until the HMO is large enough to put a total quality management program in place.     

Vehicle scrappage incentives to accelerate the replacement decision of heterogeneous consumers

Vehicle scrappage subsidy programs have been widely applied by governments to replace old cars by newer, more fuel-efficient ones. While these programs have been implemented to provide motivation for replacing vehicles earlier, they may not be as effective as expected. From a cost-benefit perspective, the consumers who would have replaced anyway, even without the program, must be considered when evaluating the net benefits of the program. This requires accounting for variations in consumers’ willingness to replace. Considering consumer heterogeneity in net trade-in valuation, this study investigates a dynamic vehicle-replacement problem based on a life cycle optimization (LCO) approach. We theoretically demonstrate that although increasing the subsidy level does motivate low-value consumers to replace earlier, it also induces consumers with a high net trade-in valuation to replace later in order to become eligible for the subsidy program. We have also developed a simulation program based on real data, to demonstrate the application of our general model. According to the simulation results, ignoring consumer heterogeneity could result in an overestimation of the net benefits of the scrappage program.     

基于信息化建设的项目群管理模式研究

本文从项目群管理理论和企业管理信息系统入手,结合项目管理能力提升的需求,剖析了蓝巢项目群管理的实质-以企业信息管理系统为平台,建立计划和资源调度指挥平台,从而达到项目群管理的高效统一协调和效益最大化。     

Improving the Impact and Implementation of Disaster Education: Programs for Children Through Theory‐Based Evaluation

A main weakness in the evaluation of disaster education programs for children is evaluators’ propensity to judge program effectiveness based on changes in children's knowledge. Few studies have articulated an explicit program theory of how children's education would achieve desired outcomes and impacts related to disaster risk reduction in households and communities. This article describes the advantages of constructing program theory models for the purpose of evaluating disaster education programs for children. Following a review of some potential frameworks for program theory development, including the logic model, the program theory matrix, and the stage step model, the article provides working examples of these frameworks. The first example is the development of a program theory matrix used in an evaluation of ShakeOut, an earthquake drill practiced in two Washington State school districts. The model illustrates a theory of action; specifically, the effectiveness of school earthquake drills in preventing injuries and deaths during disasters. The second example is the development of a stage step model used for a process evaluation of What's the Plan Stan?, a voluntary teaching resource distributed to all New Zealand primary schools for curricular integration of disaster education. The model illustrates a theory of use; specifically, expanding the reach of disaster education for children through increased promotion of the resource. The process of developing the program theory models for the purpose of evaluation planning is discussed, as well as the advantages and shortcomings of the theory‐based approaches.     

The Evaluation Of An Incentive Program Used to Recruit Health Club Memberships Through Friend Referrals

This study evaluated an incentive program that had been used to recruit memberships in a health club. The program was evaluated by withdrawing the incentive system after a baseline incentive condition. A multiple-baseline design across two groups of employees was used to compare the relative number of referrals made per person in the incentive conditions to the number made in the no-incentive conditions. In the no-incentive condition for the two groups involved, the mean number of referrals per new member dropped significantly from the baseline incentive condition. Referral rates returned to baseline levels when the incentive condition was reinstated. The cost versus revenues attributable to the incentive program indicated that the cost-benefit ratio warranted continuation of the program.     

Managing the impacts of large public programs

This paper is the result of a research project which investigated the impact of the U.S. space program on the American economy. Based on their field studies of past space program impacts, the authors develop several conclusions regarding the overall management and strategic planning of large public programs. In this article, the author outlines a structured approach to strategic planning and evaluation which will aid public program managers to respond to the challenge of impact management.     

节目试看对网络视频运营商市场策略影响研究

随着网络视频运营商收费节目试看的兴起，而节目试看对网络视频运营商诸如市场规模，利润等市场策略的影响所知甚少。本文在考虑网络用户情绪效用情况下，通过构建高质量视频运营商首播节目与后来跟进的低质量视频运营商播出该节目的博弈模型，研究高质量视频运营商首播节目之前提供节目试看对两个运营商收费模式下的节目最优收费价格和免费模式下的最优嵌入广告量以及视频节目提供模式选择的影响。研究表明，高质量视频运营商在节目首播之前提供节目充分试看能够实现节目最优收费价格最高，利润最大，因此节目充分试看是其最优策略；并且低质量运营商在其单位广告收益与用户单位广告"成本"满足一定条件下，高质量运营商提供的节目的充分试看能够减少低质量运营商总利润，因此避免低质量视频运营商搭乘节目试看的顺风车；高质量视频运营商提供节目充分试看情况下，高质量视频运营商只采取收费模式为其最优市场策略，低质量视频运营商采取免费模式为其最优市场策略。本文的研究成果对网络视频运营商日常运营有一定的管理学启示与应用价值。     

Computerized analysis of capital projects by DCF techniques

A program for the financial and economic analysis of capital projects is outlined in this article. The program is structured on three variants, which enable management among other things, to examine the influence of various financing methods on the rate of return on the equity capital (leverage). The program can provide a complete sensitivity analysis, to test how the project profitability is affected by changes in input data.     

忠诚计划中不同感知价值与计划忠诚和品牌忠诚的关系

忠诚计划能否创造顾客忠诚,以航空公司常旅客计划为背景,从感知价值视角探讨忠诚计划与顾客忠诚之间的关系,依据价值性质将忠诚计划分为经济功能价值和社交情感价值,将计划忠诚的概念进一步细分为态度计划忠诚和行为计划忠诚,以便更好地理解忠诚计划中的顾客忠诚行为.研究发现,忠诚计划能创造顾客忠诚,经济功能价值促成行为计划忠诚,社交情感价值促成态度计划忠诚,两类感知价值通过计划忠诚的中介作用影响企业的品牌忠诚.     

考虑策略型消费者行为的零售商订货及忠诚计划联合决策研究

顾客忠诚计划是零售商的重要销售策略之一. 本文针对两期折扣问题中零售商的订货和积分回馈计划投入的联合决策问题,基于完全理性假设,并结合问题的实际情况,考虑了全价期单期以及全价期和折扣期两期的积分回馈计划,构建了基于这两种积分回馈计划下的策略型消费者决策模型. 分析了不同积分回馈计划对策略型消费者行为的影响,进而讨论了零售商在不同决策下的收益情况,探索了零售商订货和积分回馈计划联合决策的制定. 研究发现：(1)积分回馈计划会对策略型消费者行为产生影响,从而影响零售商的决策和收益;(2)订货和忠诚计划制定的联合决策有利于零售商提高收益;(3)对于单位成本低的商品,面向全价期的积分回馈计划的最优收益提升较大;(4)对于商品价值与实际价格差异较小的商品,积分回馈计划对最优收益的提升作用较大. 具体而言,如果商品单位成本小于等于折扣价,则面向全价期的积分回馈计划的最优收益提升较大,反之,则面向全价期和折扣期的积分回馈计划的最优收益提升较大.     

The Nevada Initiative: A Risk Communication Fiasco

The U.S. Congress has designated Yucca Mountain, Nevada as the only potential site to be studied for the nation's first high-level nuclear waste repository. People in Nevada strongly oppose the program, managed by the U.S. Department of Energy. Survey research shows that the public believes there are great risks from a repository program, in contrast to a majority of scientists who feel the risks are acceptably small. Delays in the repository program resulting in part from public opposition in Nevada have concerned the nuclear power industry, which collects the fees for the federal repository program and believes it needs the repository as a final disposal facility for its high-level nuclear wastes. To assist the repository program, the American Nuclear Energy Council (ANEC), an industry group, sponsored a massive advertising campaign in Nevada. The campaign attempted to assure people that the risks of a repository were small and that the repository studies should proceed. The campaign failed because its managers misunderstood the issues underlying the controversy, attempted a covert manipulation of public opinion that was revealed, and most importantly, lacked the public trust that was necessary to communicate credibly about the risks of a nuclear waste facility.     

Physician incentive plan boosts physician/patient satisfaction. 5-year-old plan at priority health shows success

Physician involvement is crucial to creating a healthy physician incentive program. Look at how one large, Michigan-based managed care organization established their program.     

Developing an energy conservation program at united technologies corporation

In this article, the authors explain United Technologies Corporation (UTC) efforts to develop and design a natural resource conservation program; establish a worldwide baseline inventory of energy consumption; develop corporation-wide conservation goals; and develop and implement systems and procedures to collect and analyze relevant data and measure performance.Since there are no federal regulatory programs requiring energy conservation or greenhouse gas emissions reporting, UTC has the flexibility and the time to develop a model program appropriate to its own organizational needs. The authors present this model as an example of a successful pragmatic program to measure and report energy consumption at the corporate level.     

A Structural Evaluation of a Large‐Scale Quasi‐Experimental Microfinance Initiative

This paper uses a structural model to understand, predict, and evaluate the impact of an exogenous microcredit intervention program, the Thai Million Baht Village Fund program. We model household decisions in the face of borrowing constraints, income uncertainty, and high‐yield indivisible investment opportunities. After estimation of parameters using preprogram data, we evaluate the model's ability to predict and interpret the impact of the village fund intervention. Simulations from the model mirror the data in yielding a greater increase in consumption than credit, which is interpreted as evidence of credit constraints. A cost–benefit analysis using the model indicates that some households value the program much more than its per household cost, but overall the program costs 30 percent more than the sum of these benefits.