广州地区非洲人社会支持的弱化、断裂与重构

本文通过实地研究发现,非洲人离开非洲到广州来,这一行为导致其正式社会支持网络全面断裂。非正式支持网络也因空间的区隔而出现弱化。另一方面,在目前广州这一场域下,他们无法获取像中国公民一样的正式社会支持。于是,他们面临了本国社会支持断裂和弱化以及移人地社会支持缺失的困境,面对这一困境,非洲人通过延续和加强既有社会关系、结交新朋友,通婚和加入宗教和志趣团体等方式重构了他们的社会支持网络。     

我国公民与外来人口社会距离的实证研究

公民与外来人口的社会距离反映了外来人口社会适应与融合的情况,以往研究以本地居民与外来人口的社会距离为切入点,忽视了在本地工作的外地人与外地人之间的社会距离。本研究弥补了这一缺陷。实证研究表明,户籍对于外来人口的社会距离存在一定影响,但在控制了地域身份后,户籍对于外来人口社会距离的影响消失,这说明户籍的影响正在消除,但以本地-外地为划分的地域身份正在接替户籍的作用,二元结构并没有破除。同时,中国人特殊的信任结构并没有在社会变迁和经济的冲击下改变,依然存在着对自己人的特殊信任和对外人的普遍信任两种情况,前者拉大了与外来人口的社会距离,后者则缩短了这一距离。结果还显示,心理感受对于公民与外来人口的社会距离有着非常重要的作用,这也表明心理意愿是公民交往的社会基础。     

加速人口老龄化 促进社会经济发展

生产关系与生产力的矛盾运动,既决定了社会经济的发展,也决定了相应人口现象的变化和人口问题的发生。受这一规律的支配,人口则从年轻型经成年型向相对稳定的静止人口状态转变。人口老龄化是这一转变时期的必经过程。多年来,人口老龄化被作为社会经济发展中的一种消极因素来论述,并努力探求其防止对策。国外不少学派,对人口老龄化也是谈虎色变。这无论对人们认识未来人口与社会经济     

如何理解老龄社会及其特点

文章在提出“社会构架”这一重要概念的基础上,探讨了人口年龄结构和社会构架之间的关系,认为老龄社会是从人口年龄结构和社会构架关系的角度来识别人类社会形态的一个新范畴。通过比较青年型、成年型和老年型人口年龄结构及其相对应的社会构架的差异,从形态学的角度描述和分析了老龄社会的基本特征,即老龄社会是一种全新的社会主体构成,在经济结构、社会结构和政治结构以及文化价值导向等方面区别于青年型和成年型两类社会。     

国民财富分配对人口变动的影响

人口变动是社会经济各方面和多因素共同作用的产物。从社会生产发展的角度,人们已较多地探讨了社会生产对人口变动的作用;但是,以国民财富的分配为视角,并考察其对人口变动的影响之类的分析尚较少见。即使有这方面的探讨也是比较简单化,往往没有深入展开;这是因为进行这方面的研究的确存在着某些现实困难。然而,笔者力图对这一问题进行一次初步的尝试性探讨。     

人口高龄化的经济问题

人口的高龄化 在近代社会以前,人口动态是多生多死,到了近代社会,人口动态就是少生少死了。从近代社会以前的人口动态向近代社会的人口动态的转变,称为人口革命或人口转换。一般是随着经济的发展和社会的近代化而引起人口转换,这多见于各国的人口历史。人口转换过程的前一阶段,首先是死亡率的下降,这是由于社会的近代化和经济的发展,使医药和卫生水平不断提高,从而导致死亡率的下降的缘故。可是,在这个阶段的出生率却依然保持着高水平,所以,当人口动态成为高出生率和低死亡率的组合时,其结果便造成人口的增加。随着人口发展的变化,不久就到了人口转换过程的后一阶段,这时出生率也下降了,死亡率和出     

“第三条道路”——城市农民工的社会养老保险模式

目前,有关部门和部分城市对城市农民工社会养老保险的规定,既有别于现行城镇职工社会养老保险制度,也与现行农村社会养老保险基本方案迥异,实为“第三条道路”。而这一制度并不符合城市农民工的特点,因此合理设计这一制度,并进行相应配套制度建设,是完善城市农民工社会养老保险的必由之路。     

国外农民社会养老保险制度的发展及其启示

许多发达国家和部分发展中国家都为农民建立了社会养老保险保障制度 ,我国也在积极致力于这一制度的建设。本文在具体介绍德国、法国、加拿大的农民社会养老保险制度的背景、制度建设和发展以及具体政策和操作的基础上 ,着重探讨了对我国建立农村社会养老保险制度的借鉴意义     

中国劳动力流动社会经济政策演化脉络与效应研究

中国在经济转轨过程中所经历的劳动力流动,既是一种社会发展现象,也是一种转轨现象。在这一过程中,我国劳动力流动本身以及相关宏观社会经济政策作用的微妙性突显了其与发达经济体、新兴市场国家的差异化特征。文章区分了劳动力流动宏观社会经济政策与地方政府的微观干预措施,侧重探究1978²012年劳动力流动宏观社会经济政策的演化脉络及其在每一个阶段给劳动力流动与宏观经济带来的社会效应与经济效应。研究认为,改革开放以来劳动力流动社会经济政策在不同程度上存在着偏重城市与发达地区而弱化农村与欠发达地区的政策导向。在这一政策导向下,其作用于劳动力流动应有的经济效应与社会效应并不显著,从这一视角来看,甚至是延缓了城乡间与地区间差距的缩小进程以及外流劳动者微观主体福利的提升进度。     

试析早婚早育的成因危害及其对策

婚姻是男性和女性结合的一种社会关系。婚姻关系是组成家庭的基础,又是人口生殖的重要前提。一定的社会制度是由一定的婚姻家庭关系所构成,而婚姻制度是受社会经济制度的支配和干预。社会制度的变革,是家庭结构变化的根本原因。解放后,我国实现了生产资料的公有制,消除了人压迫人,人剥削人的经济基础和社会制度,人民成了国家的主人,这是社会主义社会的基本特征。随着我国社会主义制度的建立,国家及时制定和颁布了《婚姻法》。这     

"Mummies and babies" and friends and lovers in Lesotho

This paper examines an institutionalized friendship among adolescent girls and young women in southern Africa. Lesotho's economy is based on migrant male labor which leaves the women dependent on male earnings or subsistence from the land, and also creates unstable marital relations. Young girls in the modern schools develop close relationships, called "mummy-baby," with slightly older girls. Sexual intimacy is an important aspect of these relationships. Mummy-baby relationships not only provide emotional support prior to marriage, but also a network of support for married and unmarried women in new towns or schools, either replacing or accompanying heterosexual bonds.     

Understanding and Using Mediators and Moderators

Mediation and moderation are two theories for refining and understanding a causal relationship. Empirical investigation of mediators and moderators requires an integrated research design rather than the data analyses driven approach often seen in the literature. This paper described the conceptual foundation, research design, data analysis, as well as inferences involved in a mediation and/or moderation investigation in both experimental and non-experimental (i.e., correlational) contexts. The essential distinctions between the investigation of mediators and moderators were summarized and juxtaposed in an example of a causal relationship between test difficulty and test anxiety. In addition, the more elaborate models, moderated mediation and mediated moderation, the use of structural equation models, and the problems with model misspecification were discussed conceptually.

Complementary and alternative medicine: Interaction and communication between midwives and women

BackgroundMany pregnant women use complementary and alternative medicine. Although midwives are often supportive, how they communicate with women about the safe use of these therapies has received limited research attention.AimThe aim of this study was to explore how midwives interact with women regarding use of complementary and alternative medicine during pregnancy.MethodsWe utilised grounded theory methodology to collect and analyse data. Twenty-five midwives who worked in metropolitan hospitals situated in Melbourne, Australia, participated in the study. Data were collected from semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, over an 18-month period.FindingsHow midwives communicate about complementary and alternative medicine is closely associated with the meaning they construct around the woman's role in decisionmaking. Most aim to work in a manner consistent with the midwifery partnership model and share the responsibility for decisions regarding complementary and alternative medicine. However, although various therapies were commonly discussed, usually the pregnant woman initiated the dialogue. A number of contextual conditions such as the biomedical discourse, lack of knowledge, language barriers and workplace constraints, limited communication in some situations.ConclusionMidwives often interact with women interested in using CAM. Most value the woman's autonomy and aim to work in partnership. However, various contextual conditions restrain overt CAM communication in clinical practice.     

Injecting and Rejecting,Framing and Failing

This paper seeks to examine how female subjectivities are privileged by Canadian human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination discourse and, in turn, how homosexual male subjectivities are displaced. Employing a Critical Discourse Analysis approach, I analyze selected HPV vaccination (HPVV) promotional materials, and depict the discursive strategies which privilege and exclude gendered subjectivities. My critical analysis is influenced by feminist linguistic works that seek to uncover the discursive constructions around sexuality, gender and identity, and the discursive strategies used to communicate ideas about sexual health risks and responsible citizenship. In addition, I adopt feminist theories of knowledge and power to rethink the discursive representations of some bodies and subjectivities as normal, and Others as unintelligible within HPVV discourse in today's neoliberal time.     

Beliefs and values and the sterilization decision

A decision-making framework based on the models of personal decision making developed by psychologists and economists and a methodology based on axiomatic conjoint measurement are used to explore individuals' beliefs and values regarding contraceptive sterilization. Particular emphasis is given to demonstrating a. that there exist individual differences in beliefs and values, b. that there exist differences in beliefs and values between persons who choose sterilization—either tubal ligation or vasectomy—and persons who choose non-sterilization contraceptive methods when no more children are wanted, and c. that the effect of beliefs and values on the sterilization decision is an interactive one. The methodology used is compared to that typically used in studying fertility- and health-related behaviors.This research was supported by grants HD-10802 and HD-14403 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The technical assistance of Doreen Victor and the editorial suggestions of Sarah Gaskill, Alice Healy, and two anonymous reviewers are greatly appreciated. This paper is Publication No. 253 of the Center for Research on Judgment and Policy, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0344. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Publications Librarian at the Center.     

Family Instability and College Enrollment and Completion

This research uses data from waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health, N = 9,631) to consider whether and how family instability in early or later childhood affects college enrollment and completion of a Bachelor’s degree by age 24. Explanatory factors include maternal selection into unstable unions, household resources available in adolescence, and adolescents’ academic achievement, behavior, and attitudes in high school. The association of later family instability with college enrollment and completion is largely explained by household resources in adolescence. The association of early family instability with college enrollment is partially explained by each set of factors, and its association with college completion, given enrollment, is explained by pre-existing maternal characteristics. The results demonstrate that early family instability has enduring consequences for eventual status attainment and that the mechanisms that connect family instability to educational outcomes vary by the timing of family structure change.     

The relationships between population and economy, and between population and education]

The relationship between population and economy is regarded seriously by China and other countries. This problem can be analyzed and studied under 2 aspects: 1) the influence of economic development on changes in population, and 2) the influence of population increases on economic development. Under the 1st aspect, improved living conditions, hygiene, and health care generally result in lowered mortality rates. Improved economic conditions in China also increased the birthrate and at the same time increased birth control among the people; the increased birthrate was due to more marriages after liberation. In economically advanced countries, due to high expenses in raising children, people tend to limit family sizes to 2 children/family. Under the 2nd aspect, population increases place strains on the food supply and nutritional requirements, especially when increases are too rapid. They also demand more educational resources and influence quality of education. As there are currently 210 million students in China, the quality of education suffers, particularly at the college level, since most of Chinese manpower, physical and financial resources are spent on primary and secondary education. In terms of housing, transportation, health care, and natural resources, they are all intimately related to and influenced by increases in population. Consequently, the living standard would be difficult to raise if population increases are too rapid. Since 1971, population increases have been incorporated into 5-yearly and later yearly national economic plans in China. The large Chinese population is a major obstacle in raising the Chinese economic level, hence a well-planned population control program is essential.     

Officer friendly and the tough cop:gays and lesbians navigate homophobia and policing

Despite attempts to expand social diversity, policing is still dominated by a white, masculine, heterosexual ethos. As a consequence, employment of lesbians and gay men as police officers may be especially threatening to members of this occupation. Within the context of potential hostility and homophobia, nontraditional officers must negotiate their contradictory presence on the police force. This paper investigates that negotiation. Using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and open-ended survey data from a sample of "out" and "closeted" gay and lesbian police officers, we ask how gays and lesbians manage their images as "good cops" in the face of gender norm violations associated with their sexual orientation. Our findings indicate that masculinity and femininity do not hold together in a cohesive, dichotomous manner for these officers. Instead, other characteristics that enhance policing are emphasized to support their occupational competence. These officers see themselves as "good cops." The gendered/sexualized character of their self-perceptions appears to matter less than the context of the job, more than for a comparison sample of heterosexual police officers. We conclude that although gay and lesbian officers see their sexuality as an occupational asset, they are also likely to work harder to prove themselves as crime fighters.