积极财政政策的理论来源及政策走向

凯恩斯的需求管理经济学理论是我国积极财政政策的理论来源,但不能把我国积极的财政政策简单等同于西方短期反周期调节的扩张性财政政策。继续实施积极财政政策要在政策的力度、作用方向、运作方式和政策手段上进行适当调整,为逐步退出做准备。     

积极财政政策下的税收政策取向

积极财政政策作为我国近期宏观调控经济的基本政策,已取得了一定效益.我国继续实施积极的财政政策还有一定的空间和时间,但仅以增发国债为主的积极财政政策有其局限性,而减税在弥补扩大投资的局限性方面有不可替代的作用.减税政策是"十五"期间国民经济发展的客观需要,应保持相对长期的稳定性,并应遵循一定的原则.     

1998年以来中国的积极财政政策及其效果评析

文章就 1998年以来中国实施的积极财政政策及其效果进行了评析。主要包括 :政策启动的背景、积极财政政策的要点、积极财政政策的成效、对“挤出效应”、国债资金的使用效益、减税和国债风险等问题的认识。文章通过详细的实证分析 ,揭示了积极财政政策的实施对中国经济增长的影响。     

对我国实行积极财政政策的若干思考

由于市场运作环境和政策环境不够完善等因素 ,制约了我国积极财政政策作用的发挥。应规范政府职能与行为 ,深化税收制度改革 ,完善收入分配体制 ,以进一步发挥积极财政政策作用     

战后美国财政政策演变研究

美国财政政策演变可分为三个时期 :战后至 70年代末是凯恩斯主义财政政策时期 ,主要实行补偿性财政政策和扩张性财政政策。 70年代末至 90年代初是新自由主义财政政策时期 ,主要实施了减税和削减财政赤字等政策。 90年代是凯恩斯主义和新自由主义财政政策的“折中”时期 ,主要是采用刺激经济增长和削减财政赤字的政策。内生性超均衡预算的财政政策最终使美国经济在 90年代获得了巨大的成功。     

应对当下金融危机的财政政策效应及选择

财政政策是应对当下金融危机重要的政策手段,如何针对财政政策发挥功能的特性来选择有效的财政政策加以实施,是目前急需研究的议题。为此,以当下金融危机的特点及对中国经济影响的特征来确定财政政策的功能和取向,进而对具体实施的财政政策加以选择,是研究财政政策应对金融危机必须涉及的几项关键性内容。     

积极财政政策的效应分析与现实选择

以增发国债为主要手段的积极财政政策在我国近年来的经济增长中功不可没。然而 ,随着时间的推移 ,现行积极财政政策面临国债投资效益递减、并可能导致未来经济陷入“滞胀”的局面。所以 ,减税成为继续实行积极财政政策的新方向。目前适度减税的具体措施 :一是改生产型增值税为消费型增值税 ;二是完善现行企业所得税 ;三是逐步免除农业税费。     

财政政策失误与日本经济萧条

错误的财政政策是导致日本在泡沫经济崩溃后陷入长期萧条的主要原因之一。在泡沫经济崩溃后的相当长的一段时期里,日本经济政策一直在凯恩斯主义的积极扩张财政和保守主义的紧缩财政之间反复徘徊,但终以后者占据上风。积极财政政策的力度不够,扩张和紧缩财政政策互相矛盾,及不计实际经济后果地贯彻紧缩财政政策,使日本错失了走出萧条获得持续增长的机会。2 0世纪90年代日本政治和经济意识形态的保守化,政治不稳定,领导集团执政能力的降低,是导致财政政策失误的政治因素     

关于实施结构性减税政策若干问题的分析

2011年中央经济工作会议提出,2012年我国要继续实施积极的财政政策。结构性减税政策在积极的财政政策中具有重要的地位和作用。近年来,我国实施的结构性减税政策具有多税种并用、多手段并举、多环节并促的特点,这一政策在减轻企业和居民税收负担、鼓励和扩大内需、引导经济结构战略性调整、保障和改善民生等方面产生了积极效应。从动态上看,减税政策对经济的刺激作用在一定程度上增强了经济活力,培育了新的税源,为国家继续实施积极的财政政策提供了可靠的财力保障。     

加入WTO与我国微观财政政策调整的取向

加入WTO将对我国的经济政策实施提出更高的要求。在微观财政政策方面,需要按照WTO的有关规则做出诸多调整和完善,包括更多地实行关税约束、改进涉外税收结构和涉外优惠方式、分类归并财政补贴措施、开放政府采购市场和调整政府转移支付政策等。     

我国宏观经济形势特点及政策分析

当前,我国经济正面临着宏观经济政策调整和经济发展方式转变的“双重转型”形势。国家经济政策的重点是稳增长,即努力寻求一个扩张政策和收紧政策之间的平衡点,尽早结束经济回调的过程。在复杂的形势下,国家正在进行稳增长政策的预调微调,整个经济增长止跌趋稳的迹象越来越明显。未来,我国要更多地着眼于经济转型,通过贯彻破产制度和理顺市场定价机制、加强债务管理、风险防范等制度调整和政策改革来加快经济转型,使我国经济进入新的发展态势。     

我国经济转轨进程中的宏观调控

我国经济转轨进程中政府宏观调控的实践表明,我国宏观调控已取得了比较令人满意的效果,也积累了宝贵经验。为进一步提高宏观调控主体的权威性和宏观调控政策的协调一致性,国务院应设立专门的宏观调控机构;应继续推进我国的经济转轨进程以提高市场化程度,同时要深化企业制度改革;要适时调整宏观调控目标,主要应采取财政政策与货币政策等手段来调控宏观经济运行并促其良性循环。     

Policy instrument affordances: a framework for analysis

The present study uses the concept of technological efficacy derived from ecological psychology and design studies to offer an alternative way of analyzing how policy instruments affect change. Reasoning from this, the paper outlines a framework for analyzing policy instruments in terms of their affordances. We define affordances as the means through which an instrument exerts influence on its intended target audience. Using this approach, we contend that policy instruments may be analyzed as interfaces that organize social relations and create structures of opportunity and/or restrict possibilities for action. We argue that explicating the pathways through which instruments afford or constrain action is a central task for policy analysis. Our proposed framework of analysis builds on the idea that instruments yield effects by facilitating action and learning. We further contend that the actions that an instrument can facilitate or inhibit are determined by specific affordance modalities of the instrument in conjunction with contingencies of the actor and the policy environment. Examples from research policy are used to illustrate some of these effects.     

The Collective Transformation of Labor Relations and Improvement of the Government＇s Labor Policy

中国的劳动关系正由个别劳动关系调整向集体劳动关系调整转型。《劳动合同法》的颁布实施，标志着中国劳动关系的个别调整在法律建构上已经初步完成，同时也开启了劳动关系集体调整的新起点。现实中的个别劳动关系建构和调整，已经无法解决劳资矛盾和维系劳动关系的稳定。在劳动关系集体化转型的过程中，有两种互补的力量和途径：一是政府主导的自上而下的建构过程，二是劳动者自发的自下而上的促进过程。从权利争议到利益争议，是劳动关系集体化转型的重要特点。中国的劳工政策亟待调整和完善，内容包括劳动关系理论指导和调整模式的选择、集体劳动法的健全、劳动者集体权利的确认以及两种劳工力量的关系处理等。     

Social Policy in a Federal Europe

The European Union has a federal structure, in which each citizen is subject to two governments. The position of social policy within the federation is contested, but the EU has gradually developed powers through the extension of its competence, direct intervention in social welfare issues and the push for “convergence”, or agreement on minimum standards. Consistent with its federal nature, the European model of the welfare state is based on convergence, integration of the excluded and social protection through the gradual extension of solidarity. The precise role that the federal government will take on within this is unclear, but it is already having a major impact on social welfare and its influence is likely to increase.     

Social Policy in a Fast-growing Economy: The Case of Chile

Chile has adopted a package of free-market, neo-liberal social policies. This follows a pattern established by the country's largely successful economic policies. Neo-liberal social policy consists of a series of two-tier systems, which are not in contradiction with the economic model. On the contrary, a key function of the social policies is to supplement a dynamic style of capitalist economic development through a number of mechanisms. These include: improving the skills, education and health standards of the labour force; increasing savings in a privately-run pension system; reducing labour costs to firms; and providing a safety net to those whom the "trickle down" does not reach. The paper examines social policy in three sectors: pensions, health and education. It explores historical roots, present characteristics, and the degree of success or othewise of policy in these sectors. The discussion refers to the role played by the legacy of the Pinochet military dictatorship (1973–90), the interface between public and private spheres, the whole question of social policy in the context of fast economic growth under free-market conditions (and the possible presence of causality links), the changing balance of power between suppliers and users of social sector services in favour of the latter, the threat of market failure, and questions such as whether these policies have been successful and whether (or why) Chileans are prepared to accept this unequal two-tier system.     

Overcoming the zero interest-rate bound: A quantitative prescription

Using a macro-econometric model we provide a quantitative estimate of the cash transfer or tax cut that would achieve recovery from a severe recession when the central bank is unable to achieve full recovery because of the zero bound. We introduce an automatic transfer and simulate its triggering in the severe recession. We find that an automatic transfer that averages 3% of quarterly GDP repeated four times (quarterly) reduces the unemployment rate an additional full percentage point and thereby completes the recovery. We recommend that legislatures enact an automatic counter-cyclical fiscal policy that will assure adequate stimulus without generating a long-term debt problem.