从完善到稳定——80年代中国生育政策的转变

自70年代开展计划生育工作以来,中国的人口控制获得了举世公认的成就。值得注意的是,最近十几年来生育政策的社会经济背景发生了重大转变。在这种大变动中,中国的计划生育能够持续执行,并取得显著成效,是值得思考的。本文着重考察在政治经济大变动背景下,80年代中国生育政策的变迁和发展,以求更好地贯彻执行现行的人口政策。 一、生育政策转变的背景 进入70年代以后,中国人口问题日趋严     

发展中的“承德人口控制模式”——承德市平泉县调查报告

承德人口控制模式已为不少学者所研究和总结,国家计划生育委员会曾在承德召开研讨会,力图发掘、推广如何在社会经济发展较为落后的山区环境下有效控制人口增长的经验.李建新的这篇调查报告,从一个被人们忽略的生育政策入手,根据河北省计划生育条例中有关条款,论述了承德地区(以平泉县为例)执行为绝大多数群众拥护的生育政策,是取得成功的必要条件的问题,值得一读.各地区现行计划生育管理条例中有关农村人口计划生育控制的规定是不尽相同的,有只生一孩的(含特殊照顾),有开放独女户的,也有普遍允许生两个孩子的.执行不同的计划生育控制规定,都可以发掘出不少成功的经验,本刊欢迎人口理论工作者和计划生育工作者踊跃投稿,以飨读者.     

我国七十、八十年代计划生育政策控制效果的比较与评估——全国1‰、2‰生育率抽样调查比较分析

我国的计划生育经历了70、80年代近二十年的艰苦奋斗,取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就.概而言之,70年代实现了由高生育率向低生育率的转变;80年代在全国经济体制改革形势下基本实现了生育政策从调整到稳定的转变.这样,就为90年代实现人口控制的法制化系列化管理体制创造了条件,积累了经验.一、七十年代政策控制成效评估70年代,全国计划生育以“晚婚晚育”号召为起点,逐步向“晚、稀、少”转变,“二胎加间隔”则在上述前提下提出一对夫妇间隔生二个孩子,并在晚育基础上加强胎次间隔控制,这项政策在强有力的行政控制、宣传舆论和骨干带头的推动下,有效地控制了第二次人口高峰的增长势头,实现了控制人口激增和调整人口结构的基本目标.     

西北贫困地区计划生育宣传教育工作探讨

西北贫困地区计划生育宣传教育工作探讨李韧我国７０年代初实行计划生育以来，西北贫困地区计划生育政策与人口控制取得了巨大的成绩，其人口与社会、经济、环境效益有目共睹。但是，与此同时，我们发现这些地区在执行计划生育政策的过程中还存在着许多值得注意的问题。其...     

一个农业大县的家庭人口经济调查研究

四川省仁寿县是中国西部农村典型的农业人口大县，随着计划生育政策的推进和经济的发展，这里出现了家庭小型化、代际简单化、老年比增大的现象，传统的家庭养老模式受到了一定影响，而落后的社会经济发展水平又无力支持向养老社会化的转变。因此，应在大力发展经济的基础上，立足家庭养老，逐步解决人口控制带来的老龄化问题。     

中国的人口控制与人口增长

本文在回顾已有的中国计划生育政策效果评估研究的基础上,试图从人口转变的角度来进一步说明计划生育带来的快速生育率下降对中国人口规模增长的影响。本文引进人口乘数的概念,即人口转变带来的人口规模增加倍数,来说明中国计划生育引导下的快速人口转变使得中国人口乘数达到发展中国家中的最低水平,对中国的发展将作出历史性贡献。本文最后探讨了中国人口控制给发展带来的机遇和同时存在的一些严峻挑战。     

我国人口转变模式及其形成机制分析

我国是否完成了人口转变，这还是一个有争议的题目，从人口统计数据分析，我国已经完成了由传统的人口再生产类型向现代的人口再生产类型的人口转变过程。社会经济发展和计划生育政策的实行是人口转变的根本原因。     

发展中国家生育率下降因素分析

一 引言 一般来说,社会结构、文化背景、经济和环境条件是影响生育率变化的主要因素。在人们有意识地控制生育率之前,生育模式的转变主要受社会经济条件的影响,这点在欧洲前工业化社会的国家中表现得尤为突出。计划生育政策的出现,标志着人为地控制人口增长的开始。这时,实行计划生育中国家特别是一些低收     

中国生育率转变研究综评

中国在短短十几年的时间内实现从高生育率向低生育率转变的事实,引起了全世界的瞩目。由于中国生育率迅速下降时期正是政府大力提倡和加强计划生育工作的时期,在理论研究和宣传工作中都存在将这一下降原因简单地归结为执行计划生育政策结果的倾向,而忽视了这一现象背后更加广泛深刻的社会经济背景。这既不利于深入的理论探讨,也无助于人口政策的顺利实施。这个问题已引起人口理论界的注意,表现在对中国生育率下降原因的探讨,特别是对生育率下降与社会经济发展关系的探讨文章逐渐增多。本文试图对这类文章作一综述,以期引起人口学界的进一步注意和讨论。     

对人口计生事业可持续发展的思考

人口计生事业已走过了整整30年发展历程,其工作重心经历了从＂控制人口增长＂到＂稳定低生育水平＂再到＂提高出生人口素质、统筹解决人口问题、促进人的全面发展＂的转变,工作内容经历了由计划生育为主向计划生育、生殖健康、家庭保健转变,工作对象经历以育龄妇女为主向全人群转变,工作方式经历了由行政手段为主向经济、法律、行政、教育、科技等综合手段转变。顺利完成这些转变,是新形势下党和政府对人口计生部门提出的新要求,是历史赋予人口计生部门的新使命、新任务,也是人口计生部门在新的经济社会条件下实现人口计生事业可持续发展的必然途径。人口计生事业也正处在一个相当关键的历史关头。     

中国人口出生控制成效的比较分析

中国 ①的计划生育工作起始于 2 0世纪 5 0年代。从 1 95 5年到 1 971年 ,中国推行的是一般性的家庭计划生育政策 ,从 1 971年至今 ,中国推行的是家庭计划生育与国家计划生育相结合的政策。如果不实行任何形式的计划生育政策 ,2 0 0 0年末中国人口将会达到 1 8 5 8亿 ,如果象印度那样只倡导自愿实行家庭计划生育 ,将会达到 1 5 3 2亿。过去 45年中 ,中国一共少生了 5 88亿人 ,其中由于实行国家计划生育政策少生了 2 6 2亿人 ,而一般性的家庭计划生育政策少生了 3 2 6亿人。计划生育为中国的社会经济发展做出了巨大的贡献     

计划生育综合改革的经验、问题与对策

2000年国家人口计生委做出了推进人口和计划生育综合改革的战略决策,2002年中央针对计划生育综合改革又明确提出“依法管理,居(村)民自治,政策推动,优质服务,综合治理”二十字方针,几年来,在计划生育综合改革的实践中,得到了一些经验,对遇到的一些问题提出相应对策。     

Family planning and population control in developing countries

This essay aims at a critical analysis of the major assumptions of the family planning movement and their implications for population and development policy in the less developed countries. A neo-Malthusian perspective, in which a reduction of the current high rates of population growth is considered to be a necessary condition for economic development in the less developed countries, is dominant among professionals in family planning. Population control has come to be regarded as a kind of“leading sector” in the development process. The position taken in this paper is that the contention that fertility reduction is crucial to short term economic development is not substantiated empirically and represents a distorted view of the economic development process. Nor is there good evidence that demographic modernization can move far ahead of other aspects of modernization. Skepticism about the success of family planning tends to lead to advocacy of alternative methods of population control which are generally beyond the economic, administrative, and political capacities of the less developed countries and are sometimes repressive in tone. The family planning movement, in overstressing the independent contributions of fertility reduction programs, has tended to underplay conditions such as improved health, lowered mortality, and altered opportunity structure which make these contributions possible at all.     

流动人口的计划生育政策认知与服务需求——武汉、黄石、广水三地问卷调查研究

调查发现,流动人口对国家计划生育政策、流动人口计划生育管理办法的了解状况并不乐观,甚至比较糟糕。这可能正是目前影响流动人口计划生育工作的重要因素之一。在计生管理方式和服务内容方面,流动人口表现出一些需求偏好。人口计生部门应从流动人口的这些需求偏好出发,调整或改善目前的管理和服务。     

Population planning in Asia in the 1970s

Summary To what extent is family planning integrated with broader population planning in the countries of East Asia and South Asia? To what degree do these countries combine population planning with economic and social planning in their development plans? An attempt to answer these questions suggests that, despite variability from country to country in development goals and policy implementation, family planning has been largely separated from economic planning, and birth control programmes have often been substituted for intermediate and long-range population planning. Demographic factors have been treated as exogenous variables rather than as integral parts of social-economic-demographic plans. Such comprehensive planning is difficult for both technical and political reasons, but in any case is unlikely to be achieved so long as family planning and population planning continue to be confused.     

Uphold and develop Mao Zedong's thoughts on population]

Mao Zedong's thoughts on population were based upon the positions, viewpoints, methods, and basic theory of Marxism, with some adjustments made according to China's practical situation. The population theory of Marxism was developed and used with creative elements. Mao Zedong's thoughts on population can be summarized in three points: (1) An understanding of China's backwar economy and culture and their relationship to overpopulation. There is an urgent need to solve the population problem. (2) An understanding of the close relationship between material production and the reproduction of human beings themselves. A balance between the two should be achieved. (3) Family planning should be practiced so that population growth may be put under control. Under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, the Party's Central Committee has reconfirmed and developed Mao Zedong's population thoughts in various important official documents and writings. In such new writings, special emphasis is placed on the fact that with limited arable land, China has to plan its population growth and that family planning should be made part of the national policy. With ideological education serving as a foundation, special administrative actions and economic measures should be taken to motivate and transform the general public. Mao Zedong's thoughts on population and related new developments represent the crystallization of the Party's collective wisdom.     

Thinking about several problems of the research of our family planning strategy]

On the basis of 1982 census data, it is estimated that from 1987-1997 13 million women will enter the age of marriage and child-bearing each year. The tasks of keeping the population size around 1.2 billion by the year 2000 is arduous. Great efforts have to be made to continue encouraging one child/couple, and to pursue the current plans and policies and maintain strict control over fertility. Keeping population growth in pace with economic growth, environment, ecological balance, availability of per capita resources, education programs, employment capability, health services, maternal and child care, social welfare and social security should be a component of the long term development strategy of the country. Family planning is a comprehensive program which involves long cycles and complicated factors, viewpoints of expediency in guiding policy and program formulation for short term benefits are inappropriate. The emphasis of family planning program strategy should be placed on the rural areas where the majority of population reside. Specifically, the major aspects of strategic thrusts should be the linkage between policy implementation and reception, between family planning publicity and changes of ideation on fertility; the integrated urban and rural program management relating to migration and differentiation of policy towards minority population and areas in different economic development stages. In order to achieve the above strategies, several measures are proposed. (1) strengthening family planning program and organization structure; (2) providing information on population and contraception; (3) establishing family planning program network for infiltration effects; (4) using government financing, taxation, loan, social welfare and penalty to regulate fertility motivations; (5) improving the system of target allocation and data reporting to facilitate program implementation; (6) strengthening population projection and policy research; (7) and strengthening training of family planning personnel to improve program efficiency.     

Five recommendations for controlling population growth in China]

The rapid population growth rate (2% annually from 1949 to 1978) caused great difficulties for China's national economy because it increased the burden of families, communities, and government. It caused employment problems and slowed increases in living standards and educational levels. The best way to control population growth is based on a combination of political education and effective economic measures. The recommendations are: 1) coordinate employment, food rationing, salaries, bonuses, health treatment, age and condition of retirement, preschool care and education with family planning programs, maintain the elderly's living standard, and give preference to childless and single child families; 2) educate people about family planning and incorporate population growth and family planning into political and economics courses in high school and college; 3) incorporate population control into national economic plans; 4) prohibit families with 3 children and advocate 1 child per couple; and 5) establish a permanent population committee to plan, develop, and implement population policies and related research.     

广东人口意愿生育数量的影响因素分析

本文利用广东省人口与计划生育委员会与中山大学人口研究所2004年10月进行的题为"广东省人口生育意愿研究"的抽样调查数据,分析了个人因素、政策因素以及生育目的对广东人口意愿生育数量的影响.     

现行中国计划生育政策对中国人口安全的影响

本文从人口安全的定义出发,简单的分析了我国在发展中所面临的主要人口安全问题,并发现这些问题大部分都与我国的计划生育政策有着密切的关系。简要地阐述了我国现行计划生育政策的发展产生过程和主要内容。结合我国现行的“晚婚、晚育、少生、优生”的计划生育政策和我国主要的人口安全问题,从人口结构和人口素质两个方面,重点分析了我国计划生育政策对人口安全的影响。最后得出结论,要抓住现在的机遇期,调整现行的人口政策,最终实现中国人口与社会、经济、资源以及环境的协调可持续发展。