中国公共行政与公共管理之"公共性"辨析

我国行政学界对于本学科存在多种称谓，这种称谓的不统一限制了我国公共行政学的发展。要取得统一，需要建立“中国公共行政学”，改变“公共行政学在中国”的现状。而建立中国公共行政学，其研究视角应该从“行政”转移到“公共性”上来。“公共性”的核心是“公共利益”，而公共利益包括四个层次。     

An assessment of the performance of Italian public historical archives: Preservation vs utilisation

Economists have paid an increasing attention to the estimation of efficiency in the public sector. Archives constitute an exception notwithstanding their cultural and historical relevance. This paper is, to the best of our knowledge, the first attempt to fill this lacuna. The analysis of the performance of archives raises theoretical issues because their outputs have characteristics of a pure public good (preservation) and of a private service (utilisation). Moreover, the trade-off between the long and short-run goals of, respectively, preservation and utilisation is central in most public policies concerning heritage. We address this issue by studying the efficiency of public historical archives (PHAs) in Italy, over the period 2011–2012. We use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and implement one-stage and two-stage approaches to investigate PHAs’ performance in the management of their different and potentially conflicting functions. Our analysis shows that PHAs perform better in the preservation function, considering the objectives and constraints they face.     

Controlling birth: science, politics, and public policy

Reproductive technologies raise a host of social and legal issues that challenge basic values and create intense controversy. If researchers wish to inform public policies related to reproductive technologies, they must understand how the scientific enterprise is being manipulated and research findings are being misrepresented to justify a particular social agenda and restrict access to contraception and abortion. To counter these distortions, scientists must defend the science advisory process, be involved in dissemination of their research findings beyond simple publication in scientific journals, and actively work to ensure that the findings are not misrepresented to the public .     

内涵、价值、进路:简论制度公正及其可能

"推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化",其实质是推进中国社会主义制度体系和制度执行能力的现代化。制度的首要德性在于公正性,公正的制度能有效规约人们的交往行为,激励人们以合理方式获取利益,影响人们的价值追求和思想观念。制度公正是社会公正的基础和保障,其实践意义在于构建各方面均衡的利益关系,促进人的全面发展。现阶段,实现制度公正要坚持以人为本,满足人们的需要和利益追求;要构建法治社会,增强人们的社会认同感;要促进阶层流动,构建公平正义、充满创造活力的和谐社会。     

Degrading network capacity may improve performance: private versus public monitoring in the Braess Paradox

The Braess Paradox (BP) is a counterintuitive finding that degrading a network that is susceptible to congestion may decrease the equilibrium travel cost for each of its users. We illustrate this paradox with two networks: a basic network with four alternative routes from a single origin to a single destination, and an augmented network with six alternative routes. We construct the equilibrium solutions to these two networks, which jointly give rise to the paradox, and subject them to experimental testing. Our purpose is to test the generality of the BP when the network is enriched as well as the effects of the information provided to the network users when they conclude their travel. To this end, we compare experimentally two information conditions when each of the two networks is iterated in time. Under public monitoring each user is accurately informed of the route choices and payoffs of all the users, whereas under private monitoring she is only informed of her own payoff. Under both information conditions, over iterations of the basic and augmented games, aggregate route choices converge to equilibrium.     

Strategic public management for financial condition: Focus on fund balances of school districts

Scholars have emphasized the roles of strategic public management and the financial condition but little is known about the link between the two. Finding the missing link is the purpose of this study. By analyzing data from K-12 Texas school districts, this study investigates how top managers’ strategic efforts toward their superiors, subordinates, and external stakeholders affect the financial condition of school districts. The findings suggest that superintendents’ managing upward toward school boards increases fund balances, whereas managing downward toward school principals decreases fund balances. Apparently, the relationships between school boards, superintendents, and school principals contain different priorities and incentives that influence their behaviors in managing school district budgets.     

A Motivational Theory of Roles,Rewards, and Institutions

In this paper, we attempt to rehabilitate the notion of role by linking sociological role theory to recent work on motivational, affective, and cognitive neuroscience specifying the internal mechanisms behind motivated action. We argue that there is nothing inherently problematic or retrogressive in the idea of “role,” once its link to a purely normative account of motivated action is severed. Instead, by conceptualizing roles as emerging and persisting around structured reward systems, we are able to incorporate contemporary motivational science such that rewards become the proximate causal mechanisms currently missing in role theory. Consequently, a key implication of our argument is that the best way to link role, action, and structures is by reviving the idea of institutions as literal reward systems, which allows us to envision roles as the mechanisms via which the pursuit and delivery of rewards and goal-objects are routinized. Implications for a motivational theory of roles, rewards, and institutions is discussed.     

市场机制、环境安全与法律制度

经济社会发展的同时带来了环境问题。从排污权交易、环境污染责任保险和生态补偿目前在我国推行的情况来看,相比较于传统的计划机制,市场机制在确保环境安全中发挥了更重要的影响,但这并不是否认计划机制的积极作用。法律制度的保障作用对于确保市场机制发挥其功能,最终实现环境安全意义重大。     

Institutions as dispositions: Searle,Smith and the metaphysics of blind chess

This paper addresses the question what the fundamental nature and mode of being of institutional reality is. Besides the recent debate with Tony Lawson, Barry Smith is also one of the relatively few authors to have explicitly challenged John Searle's social ontology on this metaphysical question, with Smith's realism requirement for institutions conflicting with Searle's requirement of a one‐world naturalism. This paper proposes that an account of institutions as powers or dispositions is not only congenial to Searle's general account, but can also satisfy both the realism and the one world requirements. Searle's worry that such a dispositional account is unable to account for the deontic nature of institutions is countered by an appeal to higher‐order powers as well as Searle's notion of the gap and desire‐independent reasons for action.     

民主行政:价值·框架·生态环境

在当今各国的公共行政改革中 ,民主的价值日益得到人们的重视。民主行政的基本框架主要包括建立参与型的公共行政决策架构 ,实施程序化的公共行政管理模式 ,推行竞争性的公共服务机制。民主行政运作所需要的社会生态环境是 ,以法治为保证的民主政治体制的确立、以市场为基础的公民社会的培育和以公开为前提的社会信息传播机制的发展