基于二阶段抽样的双重抽样框估计量设计

为了探究多阶段抽样情形下双重抽样框调查的估计量设计，文章对双重抽样框下的二阶段抽样估计方法进行了研究，得出了简单随机抽样下的总体总值估计及其估计量方差，对于更高阶段的抽样估计量设计，可以在二阶段的基础上扩展。文章所得的分析结果可为实际部门在双重抽样框下进行二阶段（或者多阶段）抽样调查提供相关的理论基础。     

基于双重抽样框的抽样估计方法研究

 随着经济社会的快速发展,抽样调查中调查对象的流动日益频繁,传统的单一抽样框很难完整覆盖流动性的目标总体,如果一定要使单一抽样框实现完整覆盖,成本必定是高昂的,甚至由于编制过程漫长使抽样调查失去其时效性。有时采用两个不完整抽样框的组合可以实现对目标总体的完整覆盖。基于双重抽样框进行抽样调查,其抽样设计工作不难,但是由于样本在两个抽样框中存在交叉,致使抽样估计甚是困难。基于此,本文将系统评述目前国外已有的各种双重抽样框估计方法,将这些方法分为分离抽样框估计和组合抽样框估计两类,并按照统一的模式比较各估计方法的功效,文章最后对我国采用双重抽样框调查进行展望。     

双重抽样框下项目无回答插补估计方法研究

抽样调查工作中无回答情形不可避免,双重抽样框下亦如此,因此需要对双重抽样框下抽样调查项目无回答造成的估计量偏差进行纠偏校正。首先通过二重抽样获取辅助变量的信息,使用其构造比率估计量与比率型指数估计量的组合估计量对双重抽样框下抽样调查中项目无回答数据进行插补,得到对应各部分子总体的均值估计,再用Hartley估计量的形式对总体总值进行估计。通过计算估计量偏差、均方误差及最优权重系数,对比相同条件下完全回答时同类型组合估计量均方误差的相对精度损失与使用单一比率型指数估计量的相对精度损失,随机模拟结果显示损失率较低,插补方法有效。选择合适的辅助变量构造比率估计量和比率型指数估计量的组合估计量做插补值,更充分利用辅助变量和已回答研究变量信息,基于提出的组合估计量于抽样调查工作具有一定的应用价值。     

基于多重抽样框的校准估计方法研究

在现代抽样调查中,校准估计方法能够通过有效利用辅助信息来提高估计量的精度,多重抽样框抽样调查则不仅可以解决单一抽样框覆盖不全的问题,还可以节约抽样设计阶段的成本。本文将这两种现代抽样估计与设计方法进行结合,将校准估计方法引入到基于多重抽样框的抽样调查体系中,在实现节约调查成本的同时,还能够提高估计量的精度。文章首先按照分离抽样框与组合抽样框估计方法的分类思路,对传统多重抽样框估计方法进行系统梳理;然后在最短距离法校准估计的分析框架下,按照调查时所能掌握辅助信息的具体情况,给出了两类多重抽样框估计情形下的各种不同形式的校准估计量;随后数值分析的比较结果也表明在多重抽样框中校准估计量的估计效率明显优于传统估计量;最后对本文研究进行总结的基础上,给出了我国抽样实践中应用这套先进抽样估计方法体系的展望。     

基于多重抽样框的连续性抽样估计方法研究

多重抽样框可以解决单一抽样框难以完整覆盖流动性目标总体的难题,连续性抽样调查则可以获取变量的时序观测数据,对总体现象进行追踪调查。本文将多重抽样框调查与连续性抽样调查两种方法结合在一起进行研究,深入分析基于多重抽样框的连续性抽样估计方法。文章首先设计了连续性调查环境下总体结构变动表;然后,在简单随机抽样假定下的轮换样本调查情形开展研究,设计了14种参数缩减方法对构建的似然函数进行估计求解,并给出了估计量的迭代计算过程;最后,对本文的研究内容进行了总结与展望。     

基于“三新”企业分层抽样单元权重动态调整的估计方法

对“三新”企业进行抽样调查是及时掌握和监测“三新”经济发展的重要手段。考虑到这一类调查总体单元变动比较迅速,抽样框信息变动大,无法及时覆盖总体的最新特征,依此抽样框得到的样本数据结构与总体的分布结构差异较大,样本的代表性较低,会对总体数量特征的有效估计产生影响。因此,基于调查总体单元的变动特征,把抽样框中的单元划分为保留单元和转移单元,在此基础上,依据样本单位分层结构的变动,设计了基于“三新”企业分层抽样单元权重动态调整的估计方法。首先,通过事后分层方法挖掘出不同层的单位特征,并预测抽样框各层容量;其次,依据层规模的变动预测对目标变量估计量的权重进行修正;最后,通过自我加权设计构造出总体动态变动后数量特征的复合估计量,并对其进行优良性讨论。在对“三新”企业的模拟数据进行多次重复抽样实验中,相比于固定抽样框下的传统方法,基于分层抽样单元权重动态调整的估计方法具有更高的抽样效率,构造的关于总体数量特征的估计量具有无偏性和有效性。     

我国最低工资抽样调查方案的设计

文章提出了一套适合我国国情的最低工资抽样调查方案。首先,构建了最低工资调查的抽样框,并运用双重抽样框等方法解决了企业名录框不完整的难题;然后,利用可获得的辅助信息设计了分层PPS二阶抽样和分层PPS整群抽样两种抽样方案,给出了具体的实施步骤,以供实际部门选择,同时推导出两种抽样方案下总体目标量的估计及相应的方差估计公式。     

城市住户调查抽样框的缺陷及改进措施

在城市住户抽样调查中,抽样框的设计起着非常重要的作用,抽样框的结构,抽样框内所包含的信息,以及这些信息的质量,将决定调查中抽样设计的类型和估计的方法,而且对抽样估计的精度有直接的影响.文章通过抽样框设计的理论研究,发现城市住户调查抽样框设计存在的缺陷以及造成的抽样误差,对抽样框的设计方法进行改进,提高样本的代表性和抽样调查数据质量.     

中国“三农”抽样调查之抽样框问题研究

20世纪90年代后期,中国的＂三农＂问题逐步突显出来,涉及＂三农＂问题的抽样调查也越来越多。然而,抽取样本依据的抽样框大多是基于普查和行政记录资料编制的单纯名录抽样框。单纯名录抽样框的使用存在很多弊端。拟从抽样框的建立与更新维护两个阶段进行分析,提出解决现有问题的具体思路。在抽样框的建立阶段,建立名录抽样框和区域抽样框相结合的双重简单抽样框,并在此简单抽样框的基础上添加特征群,构建适合不同调查类别的复杂抽样框;在抽样框的更新维护阶段,通过合理地制度安排,以普查数据为基础,以建设抽样框数据库为契机开展抽样框的更新维护工作,使建成的抽样框得到及时有效地更新维护。     

大数据背景下多重抽样框方法探讨

当前所获取的大数据并非都是总体数据,通常未能完全覆盖总体,因其多源异构的特性,致使传统的数据分析方法受阻。文章将抽样调查方法引入到大数据中,对大数据背景下应用多重抽样框的必要性进行剖析,并主要针对大数据中数据多源异构的难点,将每个来源数据作为一个抽样框进行处理,提出了大数据中多重抽样框的构建。进而根据大数据的数据特征进行分类,针对不同情况确定是否需要进行分阶段抽样设计,并提出运用SF估计量对基于多重抽样框的总体进行估计,此估计量较为符合大数据中多重抽样估计的需求,并能对总体有较好的估计。     

Matching Performance of Continuous Sampling Plans with Single Sampling Plans

Single sampling plans are widely used for appraising incoming product quality. However, for situations where a continuous product flow exists, lot-by-lot demarcations may not exist, and it may be necessary to use alternate procedures, such as CSP-1, for continuous processes. In this case, one would like to be able to understand how average performance of the continuous sampling procedures compares to the more commonly used single sampling plans.

In this study, a model is devised which can be used to relate plan performance between single sample lot acceptance procedures and Dodge's(1943) CSP-1 continuous sampling plan. It is shown that it is generally not possible to match up performance based upon operating characteristic curve expressions for the two plans. Instead, the plans are matched by equating expressions for π(p), the long run proportion of product which is accepted, under both procedures. This is shown to be equivalent to matching up properties on an average outgoing quality basis. The methodology may be extended for any derivative plan under MIL-STD-1235B (1982), the military standard for continuous acceptance sampling.     

非抽样误差函数的构建——基于不完备抽样框下无回答误差的讨论

抽样调查中,使用不完备的抽样框及存在无回答单元是产生非抽样误差的两类主要原因。运用概率统计方法,分析抽样调查中使用三类不完备抽样框且存在无回答单元时对估计误差的影响,尝试构建基于不完备抽样框及无回答共存时的非抽样误差函数,为抽样调查中非抽样误差的定量分析与控制提供依据。     

Lot Sampling Distributions for Bounded Number of Nonconformities

Attributes sampling is an important inspection tool in areas like product quality control, service quality control or auditing. The classical item quality scheme of attributes sampling distinguishes between conforming and nonconforming items, and measures lot quality by the lot fraction nonconforming. A more refined quality scheme rates item quality by the number of nonconformities occurring on the item, e.g., the number of defective components in a composite product or the number of erroneous entries in an accounting record, where lot quality is measured by the average number of nonconformities occurring on items in the lot. Statistical models of sampling for nonconformities rest on the idealizing assumption that the number of nonconformities on an item is unbounded. In most real cases, however, the number of nonconformities on an item has an upper bound, e.g., the number of product components or the number of entries in an accounting record. The present study develops two statistical models of sampling lots for nonconformities in the presence of an upper bound a for the number of nonconformities on each single item. For both models, the statistical properties of the sample statistics and the operating characteristics of single sampling plans are investigated. A broad numerical study compares single sampling plans with prescribed statistical properties under the bounded and unbounded quality schemes. In a large number of cases, the sample sizes for the realistic bounded models are smaller than the sample sizes for the idealizing unbounded model.     

Bayesian Design of Special Type of Double Sampling Plans for Compliance Testing

Bayesian acceptance sampling plans, which utilize prior information on the process variation, can be employed as an alternative to conventional types of plans for taking decisions on the disposition of submitted lots. A special type of double sampling inspection plans by attributes with small acceptance numbers using Bayesian methodology is presented in this paper emphasizing its significance over small acceptance number single sampling plans. The procedures for designing such sampling plans for specified degree of discrimination which would ensure protection to the producer and consumer are discussed with illustrations under the conditions for the application of gamma-Poisson distribution.     

使用普查数据模拟MPPS抽样方法的研究

MPPS抽样即多变量与规模成比例的概率抽样,是20世纪90年代才提出来的一种抽样设计。近年来,中国有关部门与美国农业部国家农业署合作,进行了MPPS抽样设计的试点,来解决多目标调查问题。但是MPPS抽样在中国的应用非常有限。对MPPS抽样进行简单的回顾,介绍了它的基本估计,并对其应用进行了数据模拟研究。模拟中采用了系统抽样和泊松抽样的方法,根据实际调查数据得到了明确的结果。还对泊松抽样的一种变形永久随机数抽样的方法进行了模拟研究,并对它的一种误用情况进行了模拟比较,得到了具有说服力的结果。     

A New Design on Attributes Single Sampling Plans

In this article, two new approaches are introduced to design attributes single plans, and the corresponding models are constructed separately. For Approach I, an algorithm is proposed to design sampling plans by setting a goal function to fulfill the two-point conditions on the operating characteristic curve. For Approach II, the plan parameters are solved by a nonlinear optimization model which minimizes the integration of the probability of acceptance in the interval from the producer's risk quality to the consumer's risk quality. Then numerical examples and discussions based on numerical computation results are given to illustrate the approaches, and tables of the designed plans under various conditions are provided. Moreover, a fact is given to be proved that there is a relation between the conventional design and the new approaches.     

Fiducial and Posterior Sampling

The fiducial coincides with the posterior in a group model equipped with the right Haar prior. This result is generalized here. For this the underlying probability space of Kolmogorov is replaced by a σ-finite measure space and fiducial theory is presented within this frame. Examples are presented that demonstrate that this also gives good alternatives to existing Bayesian sampling methods. It is proved that the results provided here for fiducial models imply that the theory of invariant measures for groups cannot be generalized directly to loops: there exist a smooth one-dimensional loop where an invariant measure does not exist.