税费改革后农村基础教育公共财政支出改革的思考

对税费改革后农村基础教育公共财政支出改革问题进行了探讨,指出制约农村基础教育发展的最突出 问题就是经费不足,认为税费改革后,农村基础教育经费投入缺口进一步加大,农村办学体制与农村财税体制的 矛盾日益显露,阐述了重新审视和改革现行农村基础教育财政支出政策的必要性和具有的重大现实意义。     

强化文化建设：农村学校教育质量提升的关键——初中文化建设案例群研究

学校文化建设是提升农村基础教育质量的关键,但是在农村学校的文化建设中还存在有搞面子工程、短期行为、缺乏统筹规划、没有学校校本特色、缺少内部动力等等比较突出的问题。要实现以学校文化建设提升农村学校教育质量的目标,必须通过强化精神文化、打造品牌文化、建设环境文化、重视制度文化、致力校本文化、加强班级文化、狠抓行为文化、凭借活动文化等途径,有效推进农村学校教育质量的提高。     

国外农村教育发展与改革的历史经验及启示

国外农村教育的发展给世人留下了宝贵的历史经验.主要内容包括:实施全民教育,提高农村人口的整体素质;通过立法和政策保证农村教育的发展;政府提供农村教育的经费支持;农村基础教育以课程改革为突破口;农村非正规教育促进农村社区发展等.     

20世纪以来外国基础教育政策的共性与差异探析

自20世纪以来,尤其是第二次世界大战后,无论发达国家还是发展中国家,都十分关注各自基础教育政策的制定和实施。这些基础教育政策一般包括学制政策、课程政策、教师政策、管理政策以及经费政策,其目的在于追求基础教育公平和教育质量。在世界各国的基础教育政策上,既凸显了共性,又凸显了差异。因此,在基础教育政策的制定和实施中,应该确立整体观念、科学观念、复杂观念和目标观念。     

促进农村公共教育资源合理配置

党和政府的政策支持、我国城乡经济的发展、新农村建设的契机等有利因素为合理配置农村公共教育资源提供了可行性。要促进农村公共教育资源合理配置,必须改善农村教师待遇,加强师资队伍建设;完善教育政策,并在一定程度上向农村教育倾斜;厘清经费投入主体,完善农村基础教育管理体制;改善学校配套设施,有效利用城市优质教育资源,动员社会力量,整合社会资源;使农村公共教育资源的配置趋于合理化,满足农村教育改革和发展的需要。     

四川农村基础教育的现状与对策研究

近年来，四川农村基础教育改革与发展所取得的成绩是突出的，但问题也是存在的，主要表现在四个方面：一是教育经费投入不足；二是教师现状令人担忧；三是留守儿童问题突出；四是民族地区农村基础教育发展滞后。要实现省委省政府提出的“科教兴川”战略，推进四川社会主义新农村建设，就必须加大经费投入力度，确保农村基础教育经费“三个增长”；依托地方高师院校，提升农村基础教育整体水平；强化政府责任，充分发挥政府宏观调控作用；重视媒体宣传报道，引导社会舆论关注农村基础教育。     

发挥农村文化在基础教育中的作用

农村文化是一代又一代农村公民成长的＂根＂和＂土＂,农村教育的发展不能忘却乡土文化的背景。农村本土文化的荒漠化影响着农村基础教育的发展,要提高农村义务教育质量,必须重视对农村乡土文化的保存、尊重、培养和发扬,充分发挥它在农村基础教育中的作用。     

国家教育公平政策的思路、问题与对策

通过对国家教育公平政策分析发现:政府认为导致教育公平问题的原因是公共教育资源配置的失衡,因此其解决途径是教育均衡发展,解决关键是农村义务教育,改革突破口是农村义务教育经费保障机制改革与兼顾教师的素质提升问题和课堂教学改进问题.这些政策存在的突出问题是资金补偿措施缺乏统筹规划和量化指标;教师待遇在行业间、区域间差距进一步拉大.地方政府应进一步确立公平理念为教育政策的价值导向;开展大规模的对弱势教育机构资金需求的调查研究;提升财政保障级别量化补偿措施;注重提升教师的工作满意度和精神生活质量.     

新中国农村基础教育政策的变迁及影响因素探析

中国农村教育,因其分布广泛、数量众多在整个国民教育体系中占有主体地位,其中的农村基础教育更是扮演着具有基础性、先导性、全局性意义的重要角色。与旧中国相比,新中国农村基础教育取得了辉煌的成就,而推动农村基础教育发展的最直接动力就是不同历史时期党和国家所制定和实行的一系列农村基础教育政策。建国以来,我国农村基础教育政策走过了一条不平凡的变迁历程。笔者通过对新中国农村基础教育政策变迁的历史进行梳理,在此基础上,分析农村社会经济体制的变革、宏观教育政策价值取向的演变和基础教育政策形成机制等因素对农村基础教育政策变迁所产生的重要影响。     

乡村振兴视域下乡村文化建设面临的挑战与对策

乡村文化为乡村振兴提供了内生动力和精神支撑。处于转型期的乡村文化存在发展动能不强、基础教育滞后、科技应用不足、精神文明建设薄弱等问题。因此,建设乡村文化需要从以下四方面入手：推进农业农村现代化,提高乡村治理能力;强化农村教育保障,提升乡村教育水平;加快科技成果应用,提升乡村文化建设能力;强化精神文明建设、打造乡村文化特色品牌。     

Subjective Versus Objective Definitions of Homelessness: Are there Differences in Risk Factors among Heavy-Drinking Women?

Investigations with homeless populations have focused on those living on the streets or in shelters; few have examined phenomena based on respondents’ self-definitions as homeless or not. This investigation examined similarities and differences among risk factors (including mental health, substance abuse, religion/spirituality, social support, and risky sexual behaviors) using two definitions of homelessness: one where place of residence defined individuals as homeless (the ‘objective’ or traditional, definition) and another where respondents defined themselves as homeless (the ‘subjective’ definition). Data come from the baseline survey of the NIAAA-funded “Sister-to-Sister” study (n = 339) of heavy-drinking women. Subjectively defined homelessness was associated with higher rates of mental health and substance use disorders, lower rates of condom use, higher rates of trading sex for food, and less social support. Objectively defined homelessness was associated with higher rates of drinking in abandoned buildings, on the streets, and in public restrooms, more new sexual partners, and higher rates of trading sex for heroin and speedballs. Investigations failing to ask for subjective information may misattribute some factors to homelessness which may overestimate the effect of various factors on homelessness. Investigators should ask respondents to define their homelessness, or they lose an important dimension of the concept of homelessness.

The State of American Boyhood

The existence of a “boy crisis” in the United States is a topic of public policy debate. This study examines the state of American boyhood, using not only the commonly reviewed indicators of school achievement but also mental health, premature death, injury, delinquency, and arrests. Boys are in trouble in many areas: low rates of literacy, low grades and engagement in school, high dropout from school, and dramatically higher rates of placement in special education, suicide, premature death, injuries, and arrests. Girls, however, suffer from other problems, especially depression, suicidal ideation and attempts, and eating disorders, and are less likely to achieve at the very highest levels in mathematics and science. This study argues that both boys and girls suffer from characteristic problems, but the issues affecting boys are serious and neglected.

The Window of Ritual: Seeing the Intentions and Emotions of ‘Doing’ Gender

My goal in this paper is to revisit interaction ritual theory as a theoretical underpinning of West and Zimmerman’s ‘doing’ gender paradigm in order to develop a more nuanced understanding of what is taking place inside the interactions of men and women as they ‘do’ gender. Recent work in ritual theory, specifically the work of Bell (Ritual theory, ritual practice, 1992) and Collins (Interaction ritual chains, 2004) expands the role of the individual in the ritual process by conceptualizing ritual as a form of ‘practice’ that can be mobilized in the pursuit of emotional energy. Through the narratives of 24 married couples, I explore how domestic labor functions as an interaction ritual that is driven by ‘emotional energy’. This emotional energy shapes the localized intentions of men and women as they ‘do’ gender thus transforming gender into something that we ‘use’ as well as ‘do’. These emotions and intentions can be seen most clearly through a new ‘window’ of ritual.

沈从文笔下“女学生”形象文化透视

“女学”、“女学生”是20世纪中国现代性话语体系的能指符码之一。作为“现代性”转喻象征的“女学生”,在沈从文的笔下成了现代性批判的指代,显示了中国妇女解放运动的男性本位特色。作为“他者”形象的女学生,在其听闻传播与成论生成的形式中寓含了其异己性与欲望化特征,在抽象与矛盾描写中显示了其客体化与对象性本质。“女学生”形象在沈从文笔下作为“第三方”话语谱系,折射着乡村对都市的想象、都市对乡村的影响,以及来自乡村、身居都市的作家回望自我与民族来处,对国民性、社会现代化进程的批判与反思。     

The Conceptual Contours of Sex in the Chinese Life Sciences: Zhu Xi (1899–1962), Hermaphroditism, and the Biological Discourse of Ci and Xiong, 1920–1950

This paper “maps” a number of trajectories through which the conceptual contours of sex could be traced in the bioscientific discourse of Republican China. Focusing on the writings of the embryologist Zhu Xi (1899–1962), I analyze the epistemic functionality of such biological terms as ci (“biological femaleness”) and xiong (“biological maleness”) that acquired an unprecedented scope of cultural discursiveness in China only alongside the arrival of Western biology, which replaced classical learning and natural studies as the authoritative field of inquiry about life. I first show that when Chinese scientists used these terms to describe the sex of biological species, they relied on an epistemological framework of visual knowledge that granted some foundational operative power to a signifying order in which one could know by seeing the differences between ci and xiong (and, ultimately, sexual differences). These two terms’ lexicality and indexicality thus mutually reinforced one another in the production of their semiotic possibilities and epistemo-logicality. I then show that while they adopted ci and xiong as the bioscientific synonyms of the more culturally anthropocentric words such as nü (woman) and nan (man), Chinese biologists also incorporated sophisticated biological theories of sex from Europe and North America, including the theories of “gynandromorphism” and “intersexuality.” The implicit and explicit figurations of hermaphroditism reveal the ways in which at the heart of the entire bioscientific discourse of ci and xiong resides its key conceptual anchor: the human–non-human divide.

“Grace Is Deceitful and Beauty Is Vain”: How Hassidic Women Cope with the Requirement of Shaving One’s Head and Wearing a Black Kerchief

Women’s modesty norms are often perceived as governing women’s bodies and as patriarchal oppression. This study challenges these perspectives, offering a deeper, multi-dimensional picture showing that the reality of the women’s life is much more complicated. The article chose to discuss aspects of modesty among women of one of the most extreme Jewish ultra-Orthodox groups, and in particular, to investigate how they experience an extremely demanding requirement—shaving off the hair on their head upon marriage and covering their head with a black kerchief. The findings show that there are a variety of voices among the women, ranging from the view that these practices are desirable, through the view that they empower the women, to the view that they damage one’s attractiveness and are quite painful.

Rethinking Women and Their Bodies in the Age of Biotechnology: Feminist Commentaries on the Hwang Affair

Many Korean women felt strongly positive about donating their eggs for Hwang Woo Suk’s research, in spite of the fact that Hwang was accused of fraud. It is said that there is a kind of unique ‘egg donation culture’ among Korean women, which urged them to donate their eggs for his research. However, positing such a Korean ‘egg donation culture’ does not seem to give a sufficient explanation of why so many Korean women were seemingly willing to provide their own eggs for Hwang’s research. Instead, we suggest that egg donation issues in the Hwang affair can be interpreted under the paradoxical context, in which Korean women are situated in the age of biotechnology. On the one hand, the invisibility of women as subjects in the public sphere led to their lack of social control over ova trafficking and made it possible for a huge number of eggs to be supplied secretly for Hwang’s team. The patriarchal structure of family, the myth of economic growth, and the restricted activities of feminist organizations are possible contributors to the invisibility of Korean women. On the other hand, in the practices of bodily technologies such as cosmetic surgery and reproductive technologies, Korean women have been highly visible. With the help of those technological instruments, women have been empowered to own their own bodies and to have them at their disposal. We argue that these dualistic realities of women as egg owners can explain the egg donation culture among Korean women in the Hwang affair.

Examining Sex Differences in the Use of Direct and Indirect Aggression

Direct and indirect aggressive behaviors were studied using surveys and interviews of students in two public schools. The variables of “sex-of-aggressor” and “sex-of-target” were included. Claims in previous research that girls engage in far more indirect aggression than boys are not supported. Further, it was found that girls are more likely to target the opposite sex with direct aggression than boys. This suggests more gender fluidity in the use of aggression by girls and adds to a growing body of research that dispels the notion that direct and indirect aggression can be neatly sorted into male and female categories of behavior.

载道、言志、缘情的变奏：古典文学批评框架下的新文学观念考察

文以载道、诗言志、诗缘情是中国古典文学批评的核心命题,从道、志、情的内涵来看,载道与缘情一者强调文学对“道”的无条件附属,一者强调文学对主观情感的抒发,构成了相互对立的两极,而诗言志观则是居于两者之间的一个较强包容性的命题。五四作家在社会启蒙与文学本体建构的双重考量下历史性地选择了“言志”的文学观念,一方面展开对“文以载道”与“诗缘情”观的双向批判,另一方面却又吊诡地徘徊于两者之间。“五四”后“言志派”开始了两个方向的分化,一是“志”的个性化色彩逐渐淡化从而走向“载道”;一是“志”的社会责任感消退,逐渐走向“缘情”。“言志派”的分化,是现代文学观念逐步多元化与现代文学学科发展的必然。