‘It is Unjust for the Law of Marriage to be Broken by the Law of Slavery’: Married Slaves and their Masters in Early Colonial Lima

This article examines the conflicts between married slaves and their masters in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Lima. An investigation of ecclesiastical court cases shows the role that slave marriage played in limiting masters’ authority by preventing sales and forced migration of married slaves. By citing the Church's insistence on marital cohabitation, slaves had success impeding their masters’ agendas. The sacrament of marriage, however, did not guarantee absolute slave autonomy. Instead, masters could also use the courts, as well as their finances, to subvert the Church's protection of slave marriage. In the end, this article demonstrates how the ecclesiastical tribunal served as a place for meaningful redress for slaves, while still providing masters with ways to maintain control over the enslaved population.     

Challenges and transformations: childbearing and changes in teens’ educational aspirations and expectations

Although much of the focus on teen childbearing has been on its potential costs to teen parents and their children, emerging research suggests that teen childbearing while challenging can be a positively transformative experience for teens. One such transformation is enhanced educational aspirations and expectations. Much of the research on the positive consequences of teen childbearing for teens’ educational orientations, however, has come from in-depth interviews with teen mothers that have methodological limitations. Using panel data from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) and NLSY79 – Young Adult Survey 1994 (NLSY79-YA) this study finds that over time, teens’ educational expectations and aspirations increase, on average, regardless of parental status. Nevertheless, there is significant heterogeneity in how expectations and aspirations change. Teen parents have lower odds of increasing, and greater odds of decreasing, their aspirations and expectations over a 2-year period compared to their childless counterparts. These patterns, however, shift across cohorts. Unlike the NLSY79, there are no differences in the odds of lowering aspirations and expectations between teen parents and non-parents in the NLSY79-YA. Moreover, the lower odds of increasing aspirations/expectations among mothers and white teen parents compared to fathers and black teen parents in the NLSY79 cohort are not found in the NLSY79-YA.     

Onwards and Upwards? Gender and Work in Ireland

It can be argued that the Irish workforce has been revolutionised over the past 25 years, as married women entered the world of paid work in increasing numbers, bolstering the female participation rate. There have also been changes in gender roles and gender role attitudes over the period. This review will present sociological research analysing this major social change, including research that places the Irish case in a comparative European and international context. The review will mirror the main foci of the field, paying particular attention to research on gender role attitudes, occupational segregation and unpaid work. The gendering of the Irish workforce has been a complex and uneven process, involving continuities as well as changes. Overall, the sexual division of labour remains a key feature of paid and unpaid work in Ireland, and the concept has considerable explanatory power in relation to persistent gender inequalities.     

Environment and Women

There is only one Earth. Now, in the late 20th century, conditions on the Earth have become critical because of acid rain, debris flows, suffocating urban smoke and dust, increasing desertification, the exploding population, and the greenhouse effect     

Mushroom and Eggplant

Ingredients: 150 grams eggplant, 50 grams mushroom, 100 grams pork,one egg and some corn starch. scallion, ginger, salt, hot pepper and MSG (optional). Method: 1. Peel the eggplant and cut into large pieces; slice each piece halfway, so that it can be sandwiched with a filling. 2.Mince the pork and add chopped scallion and ginger,hot pepper.salt,and MSG to taste.Fill the eggplant with the meat.     

Shenzhen and Huizhou

Shenzhen and Huizhou, the cities located nearest to Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, are two bright pearls on the southern end of the Beijing-Kowloon railway line.     

Performance and Life

IN Chinese performing art circles,XiMeijuan of the Shanghai People's ArtTheater is not known for being one ofthose dazzlingly beautiful actresses who issurface-deep alone.So how does sheexplain her way with the audience?     

Women and Cars

Not only do the selfemployed seek driving licenses, state organ staffers also feel the necessity to learn to drive.     

Divorce and Children

Zang Xiaoping (editor of the Literary Gazette) Whether or not to get divorced for the sake of the children is an important question for every couple that is having problems. I think the key to solving the problem is to start by considering what would be best for the healthy development of their children.     

Between and Animals

Animals are man's best friends. Animals remind man of his own infancy. People and animals get on well with each other, so the world is bright and colorful. Animals are children's close pals, too. Being on intimate terms with animals makes children more kind-hearted and sympathetic.     

Benefactors and Beneficiaries? Disability and Care to Others

Individuals with disabilities often have limitations that require care from others to increase functioning and facilitate activities of daily living. Despite these care‐receiving needs, evidence suggests people with disabilities are also care givers. This study uses the 2008–2015 American Time Use Survey to examine the association between the presence of sensory, mental or cognitive, physical, or multiple limitations and the likelihood and intensity of time spent in primary child care, secondary child care, adult care, care of nonhouseholders, and support care (housework). Net of socioeconomic characteristics, the authors do not observe consistent differences in predicted child care time by disability status, although men with disabilities spend less time in care to adults and nonhouseholders. The largest difference in predicted care time by disability status occurs in support care. Overall, the results challenge the traditional focus on people with disabilities as only beneficiaries of care to document their role as benefactors.     

Women and Advertising

The Platform for Action adopted at the United Nations Fourth World Conference On Women acknowledges the media's role in eliminating sexual discrimination and promoting women's development.It lists women and media as one of the ten fields that require strategic targeting and action.     

Mushrooms and Health

NUMEROUS varieties of edible mushrooms are highly beneficial to health. Mushrooms enhance the mental and physical development of children and are highly beneficial to recovering cancer patients. People have developed an affinity for the taste of mushrooms and have in turn developed numerous recipes for cooking same. Pine mushrooms are commonly found in northeast China. with locals, especially women and children, heading to forests to collect same following periods of rain.     

Life and Painting

LI Yan and Liu Derun share their life's passion. Working out of their studio, the couple has turned out many first-class paintings. The beauty of the northern mountains, rivers and villages in China are their shared inspirations. Through painting they