中美知识产权谈判及对我国的影响

保护知识产权是我国改革开放以来的基本政策,是促进科学技术和文化事业繁荣发展、保障社会主义市场经济正常运行的重要制度。1986年,我国以关贸总协定(GATT)观察员的身份参加了包括知识产权问题在内的“乌拉圭回合”多边贸易谈判,并与各国达成协议,最终于1994年签署了包括《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》(TRIPS)在内的《乌拉圭回合最终协议》。保护知识产权成为我国     

我国企业应对美国“337条款”调查的策略

"337条款"是保护美国知识产权和国际贸易利益的主要贸易工具,对其他贸易伙伴构成了重要威胁。随着我国产品由粗放式的价格竞争转向高附加值的品牌和技术竞争,众多跨国企业凭借其在知识产权领域的先发优势,频繁运用"337条款"调查打压我国产品出口,以此遏制我国企业转型升级。笔者分析了近年来我国出口贸易遭遇"337条款"调查的情况和影响,探究其内外在的动因,并且为我国企业提出预防、应诉、进攻三种应对策略。     

国际贸易中知识产权保护问题研究

近年来,我国在对外贸易中涉及到有关知识产权保护的产品越来越多,知识产权保护已成为我国对外贸易中最具影响的重要因素之一。而我国的很多企业对这一部分却不是非常了解,并且大多数遇到此类问题时企业没有很好予以解决的能力。本文通过借鉴某些公司的实际案例对我国企业知识产权在贸易中存在的问题进行了分析并提出了相应的解决对策。     

与贸易有关的知识产权保护对中美贸易关系的影响

中关知识产权争议由来已久,严重制约了中美贸易的正常发展,同时对中国经济的健康发展也造成极大的影响。我们应当加强对话,积极应礼进一步完善我国知识产权保护体系,才能有效解决中关知识产权纷争为我国打开更为广阔的国际市场。     

技术创新自主知识产权管理与合同效用

文章分析了我国技术创新过程中自主知识产权管理和保护存在的问题及原因，介绍了欧盟对科技创新自主知识产权的管理和保护策略，结合我国实际情况探讨了运用知识产权合同加强我国科技创新管理的问题。     

试论如何健全知识产权管理工作体系

随着我国社会主义市场经济建设的不断发展,以及经济全球和各国贸易自由化的不断深入,知识产权成为21世纪企业最重要的竞争工具之一。改革开放以来,我国已初步建立起了一套既适应市场经济发展需要,又符合我国国情的知识产权管理和保护体系。但是,由于我国知识产权建设起步较晚,发展不平衡,在各方面还存在一些问题,制度需要进一步完善。文本通过分析我国知识产权的发展趋势,从而寻找出当前知识产权管理中存在的问题,最后提出健全知识产权管理工作体系的对策及措施。     

烽烟迭起的中美知识产权争端

当前,知识产权保护政策和保护措施已经成为美国经济与贸易发展的推动力。美国在货物、技术和服务产品中的高知识产权含量以及因此而产生的有力市场竞争优势,必然使美国不断地提升知识产权保护在国家发展战略中的地位,并演化为一系列的政策、立法和措施。近年来,美国一方面致力于完善知识产权保护．另一方面通过诉诸WTO对中国的知识产权制度进行审查,通过海关扣押、     

知识产权转让中的竞争法问题

<正> 知识产权法和竞争法是两个最容易发生矛盾和冲突的部门法。 知识产权的利益往往是通过知识产权的转让来实现。在知识产权转让中,转让方为了最大限度地保护自己的利益,总是对受让方施加种种限制条件.有的限制条件是保护知识产权所必不可少的,是知识产权内容的一部分,受知识产权法保护.有的限制条件却是属于不合理限制贸易的行为,受竞争法的管辖。因此,竞争法在调整知识产权转让方面具有极其重要的作用。 我国已由单纯的技术引进国逐步发展为技术引进和技术出口并举的国家。对外版权交易也有了长足的发     

加强知识产权保护 促进我国对外贸易发展

随着技术贸易的发展,知识产权同国际贸易的关系日益紧密。如果对知识产权不能加以有效的保护,就有可能形成一种新的贸易障碍。中美两国就知识产权问题谈判的整个过程就证明了这一点。中国要实行对外开放,发展对外贸易,就必须加强知识产权的保护。只有这样才能在国际经济竞争中立于不败之地。一、乌拉圭回合保护知识产权问题的谈判是国际贸易发展的需要     

烽烟迭起的中美知识产权争端

当前,知识产权保护政策和保护措施已经成为美国经济与贸易发展的推动力.美国在货物、技术和服务产品中的高知识产权含量以及因此而产生的有力市场竞争优势,必然使美国不断地提升知识产权保护在国家发展战略中的地位,并演化为一系列的政策、立法和措施.近年来,美国一方面致力于完善知识产权保护,另一方面通过诉诸WTO对中国的知识产权制度进行审查,通过海关扣押、337调查及加强供应链知识产权的管理等手段遏制了中国产业的升级和产品的出口.当前中美贸易摩擦已经触及到知识产权制度、产品的价值链和供应链等各个层面,中美知识产权摩擦呈不断升级之势,深入研究中美的知识产权摩擦问题具有很大的现实意义.     

How can MNEs benefit from internationalizing their R&D across countries with both weak and strong IPR protection?

Although MNEs internationalize their R&D not only in developed countries but also in emerging economies that typically feature weak protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), it remains unclear how this strategic decision affects their productivity performance. This limitation has resulted in a rather incomplete understanding of why some MNEs become more productive through R&D internationalization while others do not. This study develops a new explanation, suggesting that R&D internationalization does not affect the productivity of all MNEs equally because of differences in the idiosyncratic way in which MNEs geographically distribute their R&D units across weak and strong IPR protection countries. In advancing this explanation, the study challenges the view that weak IPR protection is disadvantageous for MNEs by showing that (and specifying how) it: 1) increases the efficacy of MNEs' internal R&D, 2) strengthens the advantages of accessing globally dispersed knowledge, and (3) improves MNEs' ability to exploit cross-country differences in IPR protection. The study enhances understanding of the complex role of IPR protection, shifts scholarly attention from the degree of R&D internationalization to how MNEs should internationalize their R&D, and clarifies how the IPR context of their location choices matters.     

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS POLICY,COMPETITION AND INNOVATION

To what extent and in what form should the intellectual property rights (IPR) of innovators be protected? Should a company with a large technology lead over its rivals receive the same IPR protection as a company with a more limited advantage? In this paper, we develop a dynamic framework for the study of the interactions between IPR and competition, in particular to understand the impact of such policies on future incentives. The economy consists of many industries and firms engaged in cumulative (step‐by‐step) innovation. IPR policy regulates whether followers in an industry can copy the technology of the leader. We prove the existence of a steady‐state equilibrium and characterize some of its properties. We then quantitatively investigate the implications of different types of IPR policy on the equilibrium growth rate and welfare. The most important result from this exercise is that full patent protection is not optimal; instead, optimal policy involves state‐dependent IPR protection, providing greater protection to technology leaders that are further ahead than those that are close to their followers. This is because of a trickle‐down effect: providing greater protection to firms that are further ahead of their followers than a certain threshold increases the R&D incentives also for all technology leaders that are less advanced than this threshold.     

Internationalization of Developing Country Firms into Developed Countries: The Role of Host Country Knowledge-Based Assets and IPR Protection in FDI Location Choice

Foreign direct investment (FDI) from developing to developed countries is a widespread phenomenon in the global economy. The literature suggests that such investments frequently follow a motive to seek knowledge-based assets, with the goal of augmenting the firm's resource base through internationalization. We argue that the prevalence of this motive may direct developing country firms' FDI toward developed countries with relatively stronger knowledge-based assets and weaker intellectual property rights (IPR) protection and that this effect is amplified when both conditions coincide. Furthermore, we suggest that the respective importance of knowledge-based assets and IPR protection diminishes as developing countries augment their own knowledge-based assets and that the importance of asset seeking as an internationalization motive for the country's firms declines compared with other motives such as institutional escapism. We investigate our model with FDI data including investment flows from 85 developing countries to 35 developed countries during 2009–2014. We find that developing country firms prefer investing in developed countries with stronger knowledge-based assets and weaker IPR protection. These criteria attract even more FDI when both co-occur. Furthermore, the influence of weaker host country IPR protection on the location decision diminishes for firms originating from home countries with higher stocks of knowledge-based assets.     

企业信息流重组模型研究

本文在业务流程重组理论的基础上提出了信息流重组理论,并重点分析了三种信息流重组模型,即基于价值链的信息流重组模型、基于大规模定制的信息流重组模型和基于虚拟企业的信息流重组模型.     

基于创新过程的现代生物技术企业知识产权策略研究

从技术创新的基本过程出发,分析了现代生物技术企业在不同创新阶段知识产权所具有的特点,建立了现代生物技术知识产权策略与创新过程相结合的模型,探讨了现代生物技术企业在技术创新的不同阶段所应采取的知识产权策略,以期对现代生物技术企业的知识产权保护实践有所贡献。     

企业技术创新模式的选择

分析了技术创新的2种基本模式(自主创新和模仿创新),研究结果表明:企业对技术创新模式的选择与企业所处国家或地区的知识产权的相对保护程度有关;企业的技术产出弹性系数对企业的模仿成本具有放大效应,强化了企业的选择;技术领先的企业并不总是具有持久性垄断地位,企业所处的国家或地区的相对知识产权保护程度和劳动力的投入状况的变化将使得企业有可能在自主创新与模仿创新中重新选择。     

The moderating effect of foreign direct investment intensity on local firms' intangible resources investment and performance implications: A case from China

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been known to generate positive externalities to increase the productivity and competitiveness of domestic industries through knowledge and technology spillover. This study focuses on the indirect effect of FDI by investigating whether FDI intensity benefits local firms by enhancing the local intellectual property rights (IPR) environment. We argue that due to the inadequate IPR environment in emerging economies, local firms' intangible resources investment can be negatively related to firm performance. Further, we suggest that FDI intensity can improve the local IPR environment, thereby enhancing the appropriability of local firms' intangible resources investment. We find empirical evidence to support our arguments by examining 70 semiconductor firms in China from 1999 to 2006, and we discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the impact of FDI intensity on the local IPR environment.     

Cooperation in the formative years: Evidence from small enterprises in Europe

We empirically analyze factors that might affect the willingness of young small enterprises in several European countries to participate in collaborative agreements. These factors include the characteristics of the firm, of the entrepreneurs, and of the market environment the firm operates in. Within this age group – the “formative” years between 2 and 8 – firms are more likely to engage in collaboration as they grow larger, they are more innovative, they are led by educated and network-experienced entrepreneurs, and they perceive significant market risk, rapidly changing technology, and adequate IPR enforcement. They are more likely to search for collaborative opportunities when their counterparts in the same country and sector tend to do the same.     

Choosing between international technology licensing partners: An empirical analysis of U.S. biotechnology firms

This paper examines the potential factors that might influence U.S. biotechnology holders’ licensing decisions regarding whom to choose as foreign licensing partners in the context of a global environment. The important explanatory factors relate to the knowledge appropriability regime of the licensee country (i.e. strength of IPR protection), familiarity through prior interaction, business similarity between partners, and prior independent experience as a licensor. U.S. biotechnology firms also license technology more to partners who have joint manufacturing, marketing, and research and development (R&D) experience. The results show that transaction cost considerations weigh heavily when choosing international licensing partners.     

Cultural influences on parental bereavement in Chinese families

The purpose of this study was to explore the bereavement experiences of parents who had experienced the death of a child in Chinese families. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 bereaved parents in Macau, China. Narrative accounts of Chinese parents' experience in the loss of a child were explored to understand how their connection to the deceased child and their worldview were influenced by cultural beliefs and values. Study themes related to parental connections with the deceased child included the use of object linking, memorializing acts, and avoidance of traditional funeral processes, with clear patterns of Chinese cultural influence. Additionally, themes related to impacts on parental worldview included use of the concept of fate as a rationale for child loss and influences on religious orientation. The influence of cultural beliefs and background on Chinese parents as they deal with the issue of a child's death was apparent. Further research is needed and will benefit our understanding of parental bereavement in Chinese families.