对不同地区人口分布与经济和资源环境关系的总体评价

我国是世界上自然地理、人口资源、经济社会差异最大的国家之一。改革开放以来，在全国各地区经济突飞猛进发展的同时，也伴随着极其明显的不平衡性。东部地区资金、人才相对集中，但人口与资源缺乏的矛盾越来越突出，而中西部地区有相对丰富的自然资源，人口也相对稀疏，但缺乏资金和技术，开发缓慢。本文借助于统计数据，从农业资源及经济发展水平的角度，对现阶段我国不同地区人口分布与资源和经济发展水平的关系进行了评价，并分别对由以经济和资源问题为主而引起的人口超载的地区，提出了人口与经济、资源协调发展、有利于缓解不同类型地区差距的对策建议。     

农业转移人口就近城镇化意愿的地区差异

基于对中西部地区15个省市农业转移人口就近城镇化意愿的问卷调查数据,以社会认同度为研究视角,构建多群组结构方程模型分析中西部地区人口就近城镇化意愿的地区差异及其影响因素.研究结果表明:个人特征差异性对中西部不同地区人口就近城镇化意愿影响显著;中西部不同地区农业转移人口的社会认同度与其就近城镇化意愿显著正相关,且西部地区农业转移人口受到的影响作用更明显.东部地区农业转移人口更注重职业升迁机会、职业技能水平、子女教育状况、工资待遇水平、工作环境、工作时长的满意度.西部地区农业转移人口则更关注其与市民的关系、城市社会关系网络、户籍状况、基本公共服务、城市物价水平及居住条件的改善程度.     

我国劳动力资源分布与优化配置研究

本文利用我国各省市从业人口规模、投资规模和GDP的相关数据,分析劳动力资源在全国的分布变动状况和金融危机对劳动力分布的影响。通过边际产出弹性理论构建劳动力最优投入模型,对我国各省市相对剩余劳动力数量进行估算,并分析区域内部各种因素对劳动力相对剩余量的影响。研究得出:我国还不存在劳动力资源短缺;东部地区劳动力资源总量配置接近最优,面临产业升级的压力;中西部地区仍存在较大规模的剩余劳动力;西部地区将取代中部地区成为劳动力资源剩余量最大的地区。虽然区域之间的经济差距有所扩大,但是区域之间的产业结构和资本分布差距在缩小。     

我国劳动力资源分布与优化配置研究

本文利用我国各省市从业人口规模、投资规模和GDP的相关数据,分析劳动力资源在全国的分布变动状况和金融危机对劳动力分布的影响。通过边际产出弹性理论构建劳动力最优投入模型,对我国各省市相对剩余劳动力数量进行估算,并分析区域内部各种因素对劳动力相对剩余量的影响。研究得出:我国还不存在劳动力资源短缺;东部地区劳动力资源总量配置接近最优,面临产业升级的压力;中西部地区仍存在较大规模的剩余劳动力;西部地区将取代中部地区成为劳动力资源剩余量最大的地区。虽然区域之间的经济差距有所扩大,但是区域之间的产业结构和资本分布差距在缩小。     

人口流动对中国不同省份人口老龄化的影响

本文利用第六次人口普查数据分析人口流动对不同省份人口老龄化的影响。研究发现,流入人口对于东部地区的影响程度更大;流出人口对于中西部地区的影响程度更大;人口大量流入使得老龄化得到缓解的省份主要在东部,人口大量流出使得年龄结构老化的省份主要在中西部;消除人口流动对老龄化的影响以后,2000年和2010年的老龄化格局出现了较高的一致性;与2000年相比,2010年人口流动对于各省份的影响程度更大。     

中国城市人口流动增长的空间类型及影响因素

文章利用2000年第五次人口普查和2010年第六次人口普查数据,从地级城市层面分析中国流动人口类型、时空变迁及影响因素。研究结论是:(1)城市人口流入符合集聚规律和规模报酬递增假说,东部发达城市地区和其他区域重要经济中心城市保持着极强的人口集聚能力。(2)城市人口流入增长主要取决于城市所能提供的"综合机会",现代性和国际性特征及生活质量成为吸引外来人口的重要"拉力"条件。(3)城市人口流动存在明显的地域差异。东部地区城市人口流入的主要拉力因素开始呈现高生活质量驱动、知识密集型和技术密集型的创新驱动及高端服务业驱动,而中西部城市流动人口增长驱动力较为复杂。(4)投资对城市流动人口增长,特别是东部和发达城市仍具有较强的驱动作用,消费等因素的影响则不突出。     

我国人口重心、就业重心与经济重心空间演变轨迹分析

近20年来我国人口重心、就业重心、经济重心的空间演变轨迹表明,我国区域经济差距的主要原因是东部沿海地区不断集聚生产的同时,没有更有效地吸纳中西部地区的人口,从而造成我国东部沿海地区与中西部地区的生产与人口、就业分布高度失衡。目前,建立完善的分享机制、进一步促进西部落后地区的人口向东部沿海发达地区流动、建立健全的流动人口管理体制是促进我国区域协调发展的有效策略。     

劳动力资源与经济发展的区域错配

文章基于效率损失测度法定量测算了各省劳动力资源的平均素质水平和考虑劳动力素质后的劳动力利用效率,发现当前中国存在着劳动力资源与经济发展的区域错配问题,中西部地区的劳动力平均素质显著高于东部地区,但劳动力利用效率却低于东部地区。这主要是由于中西部地区经济发展较慢、产业结构升级相对滞后,不能为高素质劳动力提供充足与适合的工作机会。解决劳动力资源与经济发展的区域错配问题,将是进一步促进区域经济协调发展的有益思路之一。     

中国人口红利的空间流动及其经济效应

人口红利代表的是人口转变过程中能为经济增长提供额外优势的人口年龄结构,随着劳动年龄人口在空间上的转移,会相应形成一种人口红利的空间流动。由于中国长期面临区域发展不平衡的基本国情,人口红利的空间流动便产生了不同的区域经济效应。文章结合人口红利相关理论,对人口红利空间流动及其经济效应进行梳理与分析,并通过对人口红利在中国东、中、西部三大地区做出的经济增长贡献及其变化差异进行实证研究,证明在人口红利式微的背景之下,存在由经济欠发达地区向经济发达地区的人口红利流动推迟了东部地区人口红利向人口负债的转变,东部地区较中西部地区的人口红利机会窗口期关闭得更晚,实现了人口红利的空间补偿,最大化地提升了人口红利的综合经济效率。而东部地区人口质量红利对人口数量红利的替代进程较中西部地区也依然处于领先水平。与此同时,文章也关注到东部地区吸收的人口红利于中西部地区而言则是一种人口红利的流失,使得中西部地区人口红利受到挤兑,扩大了各区域间的经济发展差距。基于这一现实状况,秉持着效率和公平兼具的发展观念,文章认为应通过强化主体功能区建设、完善跨区域补偿机制及推动基本公共服务均等化,以实现区域协调发展和可持续发展。     

中国老年人口健康状况分析北大核心CSSCI

文章利用2010年第六次人口普查中的自评健康数据对中国老年人口健康状况的年龄差异、性别差异、城乡和地区差异、婚姻状况差异进行分析。研究发现:老年人口总体健康状况较好,男性老年人健康状况好于女性;随着年龄的增大,老年人口健康状况变差;城镇老年人健康状况好于农村老年人,各省区老年人健康状况差异很大,东部地区老年人健康状况普遍较好,而中西部大多数地区健康老年人的比例相对较低;健康老年人大部分在经济上是独立的,不健康的老年人大部分要依靠家庭成员供养。     

Differentials in divorce in maryland

The basic data needed for measurement of the risks of termination of the legal relationship of marriage by characteristics of the marital partners are not available at this time for the United States because the national divorce registration area includes less than half the States. Special studies based on selected census data or the records of marriages and divorces occurring in one State or community have provided much of the valuable but limited information at hand. Statistics for individual States are subject to substantial bias as a consequence of inter-State migration between time of marriage and time of divorce, but they must serve as a basic data source until national reporting has improved. A record linkage study was undertaken which tied marriages occurring in the State of Maryland in 1959 with divorces occurring in the State in the years 1959–66. Relative, not actual, divorce risks by race, age at marriage, and previous marital status were calculated for couples with at least one partner an in-State resident at the time of marriage. The dissolution rate was higher for whites than for nonwhites. Marriages contracted by persons at very youthful ages and by persons who had been married previously were found subject to greater than average risks of dissolution through divorce.     

城市计划生育技术服务方式创新--南京市玄武区政府购买计划生育技术服务的实践

建立政府牵头、计卫联手、资源共享的计划生育技术服务体系 ,开展以知识普及、知情选择、随访服务、咨询指导、健康促进为主要内容的计划生育避孕节育和生殖保健优质服务 ,最大限度地满足社区育龄群众在计划生育和生殖保健方面的需求 ,是城市计划生育技术服务改革发展的方向1 。近几年 ,南京市玄武区计划生育局在区委、区政府的领导以及省市计生委的支持下 ,根据新时期城市计划生育工作改革发展要求 ,积极推进政府计划生育部门的职能转变 ,探索计划生育技术服务方式的改革创新 ,尝试依托社区医疗卫生和妇幼保健服务网络 ,由政府购买计划生育…     

Major Tasks in Health and Family Planning in China in 2015

On January 12,2015,at the regular press briefing of National Health and Family Planning Commission(NHFPC),NHFPC reported the major tasks in health and family planning in China in 2015.The details are as follows:In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform In-depth Development of Medical and Health System Reform.     

Increases in childlessness in New Zealand

New Zealand’s fertility fell below the theoretical replacement level (2.1 births per woman) for the first time in recorded history in 1978. It has hovered at or below replacement level ever since. The result, an impression of relative stability, belies changes taking place. Data from the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses show a pattern of delayed childbearing and increased childlessness. In a little over 30 years, childlessness has shifted from being almost entirely a consequence of a couple’s infecundity to being as frequently a result of a woman’s life choices. The steady rises in childlessness recorded by successive cohorts suggest that childlessness is already having a significant effect on New Zealand fertility. Patterns in characteristics of those women choosing not to start families, as well as subtle differences in these patterns between New Zealand and other developed nations, suggest that there is a significant potential for childlessness to cause a more dramatic shift in New Zealand’s total fertility rate. This analysis examines growth in childlessness in relation to marital status, country of birth, ethnicity, regional and urban differentials, religion, and educational attainment of women who were childless at the 1981, 1996 and 2006 censuses.

Shifts in Reproductive Patterns in China

The People's Republic of China, during the second half of the twentieth century, has been repeatedly affected by social and political upheavals associated with government policies. These have produced strong but unexpected impacts on Chinese demographic patterns. Many of these policies are of the sorts that alter reproductive costs and benefits. This study examines patterns in Hebei, Shaanxi, and Shanghai, three provinces with differing ecological, geographic, and economic characteristics. Government policies affected the three populations differentially; this was evident at both aggregate and individual levels. The Great Leap Forward and subsequent famine created higher birth deficits and mortality among the largely rural populations of Hebei and Shaanxi than the more urban Shanghai. In contrast, the Cultural Revolution and family planning resulted in lower fertility levels for women in Shanghai. The population history of China during the second half of last century thus reflects strong state interventions in the lives of its citizens. Government policies, along with regional variations in geographic, social, and economic conditions, strongly influence individual access to resources in China. Variations in timing and intensity of women's reproductive patterns reflect differential access to resources and subsequent trade-offs.     

Materialism in Pedagogy Students in Chile

Many studies have used Richins and Dawson’s (J Consum Res 19: 303–316, 1992) Material Values Scale (MVS), applying it to different types of populations that exhibit a particular psychometric behavior, and showing little stability in their factorial structure. In the present study, 1,070 pedagogy students from the northern, central and southern regions of Chile answered the MVS. This sample was randomly divided in two. Using the first sub-sample (N = 539), an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out, from which a structure of nine items was grouped into two factors called “Social Success” and “Personal Happiness”, which presented adequate reliability. Later, with the second sub-sample (N = 531), the factorial structure indicated above was put to the test through a confirmatory factorial analysis. The data from the model show that the scale contains 8 items in total, grouped into two dimensions. The factorial loads are significant at the level of 1 %, which indicates that the 2-factor structure can be confirmed. Finally—using the proposed structure—the presence of the students’ material values was evaluated.     

论西部开发中的城市发展问题

本文在对近20年来我国城市发展进行回顾与反思的基础上,提出了西部制定城市发展战略和选择城市发展道路的基本原则以及若干城市发展对策措施.     

Trends in life expectancy in wellbeing

Objectives: This paper describes anddiscusses trends in life expectancy inwellbeing between 1989 and 1998.Methods: Data on wellbeing by theBradburn Affect Balance Scale is obtained fromthe Netherlands Continuous Health InterviewSurveys for the calendar years from 1989 to1998. Using Sullivan's method, life expectancyin wellbeing is calculated.Results: For males at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing increases significantlyfrom 52.7 years in 1989 (90.1% of the totallife expectancy) to 54.4 years in 1998(90.8%). This increase is almost completelycaused by the increase in total lifeexpectancy. For females at the age of 16, lifeexpectancy in wellbeing raises significant from54.4 years in 1989 (84.1%) to 56.2 years in1998 (86.3%). This increase is almostcompletely caused by a decrease in the numberof years in a state of distress.For both males and females at the age of 65,the significant increase of life expectancy inwellbeing exceeds the increase in total lifeexpectancy and is mainly caused by the decreasein number of years in distress.Conclusion: Contrary to life expectancyin good perceived health and to disability freelife expectancy – which show a decreasing trend– the overall wellbeing of the population isincreasing. It seems that aspects in human lifethat contribute to wellbeing or quality of lifeother than physical health are gaining inimportance. This makes life expectancy inwellbeing a less appropriate instrument tomonitor changes in population health, but auseful instrument to measure population qualityof life.     

Changes in Living Standards and Depopulation in Latvia in the 1990s

Social Indicators Research -     

"非典"期间全国农村地区跨省流入人口调查数据分析

在2003年抗击非典的关键时期,国家人口和计划生育委员会进行了全国农村地区跨省流入人口的调查.本文着重分析这项调查所获得的数据,并对数据的一致性做出说明.既揭示了我国农村流动人口的基本特征和非典时期农村人口流动的规模和流向特点,又反映了非典对这一时期全国人口的流动所产生的影响,同时展示了我国抗击非典工作在农村地区所取得的成绩.