藏区多元宗教共存之历史与现状

根据文献资料和实地考察,藏族地区并非藏传佛教一统天下的单一教区,而是共存着世界三大宗教,即佛教、基督教和伊斯兰教.当然,基督教和伊斯兰教在藏族地区不具有普遍性或没有举足轻重的社会影响力.因而藏区宗教,依然以藏传佛教为中心,而多元宗教共存的特殊现象,只是在一小部分地区或较偏僻的个别村落存在.本文从历史和现实的视角对巴塘基督教、盐井天主教堂和昌都清真寺与拉萨清真大寺略作考证和描述.     

都市里的神圣空间——呼和浩特市多元宗教文化的生产与共存

在全球化的背景下,宗教复兴成为了一个世界性的社会文化现象。笔者通过调查发现,呼和浩特市多元化的宗教活动,反映了全球化背景下中国都市地域化的文化生产与更为广阔的全球认同的互动过程。这一过程表明,面对发端于西方世界的全球化浪潮,非西方世界在接受西方的文化的同时,也通过自身的文化个性来予以回应,即全球化与地方之间有一种互相对应的逻辑关系:在全球化过程中,生产、消费和文化策略之间已相互扭结为一个整体。     

宗教生态视阈下日本宗教与韩国宗教研究

同处亚洲东部的日本和韩国,都是单一民族为主体、多种宗教多种信仰并存的国家。本文以宗教生态的视阈,从日本、韩国宗教源流及现状入手,阐述两国的宗教管理体系,分析两国管理模式产生的结果。     

论多元共存、多元一体的西部民族文化

人是社会实践的主体,人在人化自然的过程中,创造自身文化。从西部和青海两个区域维度上看:多种社会互动与交往的方式,建构西部民族文化多元共存的丰富意涵;不断深化的社会互动与交往,推动西部民族文化呈现统一性、包容性和一体化的发展趋势。     

多视角下丙中洛多元宗教的并存与交融

本文在回应20世纪90年代以来学者对丙中洛宗教文化研究的基础上,将历史学、民族学与宗教学多视角与多学科研究理论、方法相结合,重新审视丙中洛多元宗教从冲突到和睦共存、融混发展的历史脉络、现状及多重动因,并分析未来发展态势,以期推进中国边境多民族杂居区域的宗教文化研究。     

郑和下西洋与多元和谐宗教文化的传播

文章论述了郑和及其使团的宗教多元和谐理念的形成以及在围绕下西洋的相关宗教活动中的具体体现、传播,所产生的作用和影响,揭示了郑和下西洋与其多元和谐宗教文化的关系,探讨了多元宗教和谐文化的传播在下西洋的巨大成功和深远影响中所起到的重要作用与深层原因,阐发了从中得到的启示。     

多元宗教文化共存关系的社会空间视角解读——以对甘肃甘南藏族自治州临潭县的田野考察为例

本文通过田野研究,对甘肃临潭县多元宗教文化共存现象进行了特征和原因分析,发现在长期的历史互动中,不同宗教文化之间形成了一种特殊的均衡关系机制.从社会空间视角去审视这种关系机制的形成,发现共同的生活地域、信众类似或互补的生计方式、历史记忆形成的边界以及共同认可的地方准则构成了层级式的社会空间特征.社会空间视角对解释小地域多宗教文化共存的关系模式具有重要意义.     

坪坦:多元文化和谐共存之地

正侗族的和谐文化,被认为是现代和谐社会的原始版本。它的内涵不仅仅体现在侗族文化本身,更多的是体现在侗族人民族性格的温厚和包容中。如果想要体验这种色彩斑斓的现代和谐社会的原始版本,你不妨到通道百里侗文化长廊腹心地带的坪坦去——那里是存厚德之土,那里是容万物之所,那里是一个真正的多元文化和谐共存的地方。琳琅满目的珠玉世界坪坦村位于通道侗族自治县南部,距县城22公里,是通道申报世界     

独具特色的瑞士民族 瑞士民族考察之一:多元文化共存

瑞士联邦位于中欧南部,地处阿尔卑斯山中段.瑞士国土地面积较小,只相当于中国河南省的四分之一,但它却是国际外交活动的重要舞台.瑞士虽是小国,但长期以来却能保持发达的经济和稳定的政局,因此在世界上十分引人注目.尤其是在当今许多国家政府正在为其民族矛盾、民族对抗、乃至民族间的暴力冲突而苦恼不堪的时候,瑞士联邦政府却能面对国内的四个民族、多种语言和宗教信仰而避免了上述麻烦,实现了社会的长期安定.究竟是什么神奇的力量使瑞士各民族之间能够和睦相处呢?这是一个令许多国家政府都感兴趣的问题.八十年代末,我作为访问学者应邀赴瑞士进行了     

韩国全罗南道岁时风俗研究

Seasonal customs, also called“performances that take place within a one year cycle”, refer to a series of customs, patterns or norms practiced periodically and habitually on spe-cific days within the regular cycle of the four sea-sons. Seasonal customs are found in every month, such as the Spring Festival in the first month, Laborers’ Day in the second month, The 3rd day in the third month, the birthday of Sakyamuni in the fourth month, the Dano Festival in the fifth month, etc. ( all dates mentioned in this paper are in the lunar calendar) . As the years go by, the seasonal customs change constantly. Many of them have been faded as society has changed, and they have been replaced by National Holidays or other legal holidays which regulate people’s lives. In addition, as western and other cultures filter in, holidays like Valentine’s Day, and Christmas have stepped into people’s lives. Because these festivals are no longer linked with traditional religious meanings found in the old customs, and place more emphasis on entertainment, they have been accepted almost instantly, taking up social space, and changing people’s activities and behaviors. Apart from these, festivals in some particular areas became popular and spread nationwide as the result of na-tional policies. As an important constituent, seasonal customs can reveal the cultural state and spiritual world of a country or region. Jeollanam-do in South Korea, known as the treasure house of customs, possesses rich customs and heritage and various annual cus-toms can be seen here. This paper, by making a general investigation of the customs in Jeollanam-do, can help us further understand the state of this region’s history and ideology, and the cultural im-plications hidden within it. In the first month of the lunar calendar, the primary festivals are the Spring Festival, the First Day of the First Lunar Month, and the Fifteenth Day of the First Lunar Month. 1 ) In the Spring Festival, the most important activities are offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors, sweeping tombs, and paying New Year’s visits. People also believe that this is the proper time to avoid the“three dis-asters”, keep away night ghosts, burn hair, and go to fortune tellers, etc. There are also games played in this period, such as the see-saw and board-turning. 2) the First Day of the First Lunar Month cannot be counted as a traditional festival. However, a day’s rest is taken in the countryside when every house sticks spring couplets on their doors or pillars. These are pairs of long strips of paper on which auspicious words or sayings are written. 3 ) In traditional society, when farming dominated, people observed the Fifteenth Day of the First Lunar Month with grand ceremony, main-ly through engaging in entertaining activities. In Jeollanam-do, the festival atmosphere is warmly created by playing folk or peasant music, flying kites, playing tug-of-war games, or Gohssaum, and so on. In addition to the group activities, indi-vidual families might offer sacrifices in their hou-ses. Each village also offers sacrifices together, known as the Tangshan Sacrifice and Dragon King Sacrifice. There are various superstitions related to this day. For example, many people will buy a strainer and hang it at home, believing that it will bring blessings. Or, on the eve of this day people might set fires on field ridges, believing that this will bring a good harvest. People might also set up Changsheng or Changganzi, along the borders or milestones separating villages from each other, which are known as the patron gods protecting their territory. On this day the staple food is supposed to be“Wugufan”, literally“Rice with Five Grains”, which actually includes more than five kinds of va-rious grains. It is so-called because all the main grains are collectively called “five grains”. In ad-dition, people also cook the“Eight Treasures Rice Soup” which contains glutinous rice, Chinese dates, chestnut, honey, pine nuts, an beans, etc. In the second lunar month, there are the Laborers’ Day and the Yongdung Festival. On the 1st of the second month, Laborers’ Day, laborers used to be given a day’s rest when people made a kind of dessert known as “Agecake”. However, because no one hires laborers nowadays, this cus-tom has actually disappeared. It is said that on 1st day of the second month, Yongdung Halmoni de-scends from the sky, and returns there on the 15th or 20th day. Yongdung Halmoni is said to be the goddess in charge of wind, so, in fishing areas where wind matters a lot, people will offer sacri-fices to her. It is said that if Yongdung Halmoni descends with her daughter-in-law, the wind throughout the whole year will be too strong to guarantee a good harvest, but good sailings can be counted on if she descends with her daughter. On the 3rd day of the third month, women in Jeollanam-do bring simple cooking equipment to the riverside, and pass a pleasant day there. They mix glutinous rice powder with rhododendron petals to make pancakes which they call “flower pan-cakes”. While they eat, they sing songs about flower pancakes or other folk songs. Around 3 rd day of the third month, butterflies start to appear and “dance”. It is believed that if yellow butter-flies are seen first, the coming year will be smooth, but if white butterflies are seen first, there will be many funerals or other inauspicious things. On the 8 th day of the fourth month the birthday of Sakyamuni, many people go to the temples and hang Buddhist lanterns. The display of lanterns on that day is truly grand. It is attended mainly by women who pray for happiness, safety, good health, success and prosperity for their family members. In the temples, people perform the ritu-al of“circumambulating the stupas”, spending the entire night sleepless walking around the stupas, praising gods’ merits and credits, and repeating their wishes in their hearts. While circling the stu-pas, people usually listen to Buddhist chants,some places may play the traditional music with tradi-fional instrument. On the 5th day of the fifth month, on the Dano Festival, the following activities are found in Jeol-lanam-do. 1 ) wrestling, a competitive game played mainly by males; 2 ) swinging, played mainly by females; 3 ) washing hair with acorus calamus. It is believed that hair becomes smooth and shiny if washed with water boiled with acorus calamus. Therefore, many women wash their hair in this way on the 5th day of the fifth month. 4) imbibing herbal medicine. During the Dano Festi-val, all things on the earth are said to be suitable for medicine. There are drinkable herbal juices made from Leonurus heterophyllus, or Ay Tsao. People pluck all kinds of herbs and dry them for future use. The 15 th day of the sixth lunar month is Yudu Day. It is believed that if you wash your hair with clear stream water on this day, bad luck is kept a-way and you will not suffer heatstroke in summer. According to local folklore, the Dragon God and God of the field ditches check on the crops on this day, so no fieldwork is allowed, and a day’s rest is required. If people insist on going to work, it is said they will not have a good harvest. Rice cakes are also prepared on this day and placed in the crop fields as simple offerings to the Dragon God for a good harvest. In June, which has the hottest days in the year, the month is divided into the ini-tial, middle and final hottest days. In order to build up their health, people cook delicious gin-seng chicken soup by putting ginseng, jujubes and glutinous rice into the chicken’s abdomen. Or, for the sake of vitality, some men may drink a body-protecting soup, the so-called dog meat soup. The 7 th day of the seventh month is the Chilseok Festival. Since Chilseok is closely con-nected with the Chilseok God, every family will pray to the Chilseok God for blessings, or go to temples to offer sacrifices. In this festival some families may offer sacrifices to Chengzhu God as in other festivals, but not many offerings are required except for some rice and vegetable dishes. On the 15th day, the Baekjung Day, all kinds of fortune-telling activities prevail. All fieldwork stops and a day’s rest is taken. On this day people also prepare food to offer to the ancestors. The 15th day of the eight month, the Mid-Au-tumn Festival, is characterized by harvest and thanks-giving. Various activities can be seen in Je-ollanam-do, among which offering sacrifices and sweeping tombs are given priority, even more than during the Spring Festival. During the mid-autumn days everyone, rich or poor, makes Songbing, which is very much like a Chinese moon cake, and it is still the most representative festival food for the Mid-Autumn Festival Day. After finishing mak-ing the Songbing with newly harvested rice, people will carry them together with many fruits to offer sacrifices in the early morning and sweep tombs. Some people may go to the cemetery to pull weeds before sweeping tombs. At night, during the full moon, in order to liven up atmosphere, women will perform traditional dance . There is also a custom observed on the Mid-autumn day—married daugh-ters will meet with their own parents and relatives in a place located mid-way between the two homes. Sometimes, female neighbors may agree to meet with each other at a certain appointed place and bring food along to spend a pleasant day to-gether. The 9 th day of the ninth month is the Jungu Festival. It is no longer regarded as a particular festival, but it is still considered a lucky day. In the past, on this day, people would make wine, rice cakes and even medicine, out of chrysanthe-mums. Moreover, literati would appreciate poems as well as maple leaves, which were quite scenic. There are no special festivals during the 10 th lunar month, though this is considered a lucky month because many things forbidden in other months are permissible during this month. The 15th day is a day for some families to offer sacrifices to ancestors or drive away disasters. In rural areas, one of the family customs is for women to bathe and change their clothes before replacing the old rice in ancestor pot with newly harvested rice. This is re-garded as a recommended ritual to domestic gods of new rice. In the 11th lunar month, at the winter sol-stice, it is customary to have red bean soup, which is cooked with glutinous rice powder and red beans mixed together. Its red color is believed to protect people against evil spirits. People offer the red bean soup to their ancestors, and, splash it in front of doors, on walls, around the kitchen, and in their yards. This is all done in order to keep ghosts outside. The 30th day of the 12th month, New Year’s Eve, is the time to stay up late to see in the New Year. So, every house has lights on overnight. It is customary to visit elderly people and inquire a-bout their physical condition and to show care on this eve. This is called “paying an old year’s call”. In olden times, snow which fell in the 12 th month was put into bottles, and when the snow melted the water was believed to be a good medi-cine for curing heatstroke in summer. To sum up, seasonal customs in Jeollanam-do are multi-functional, including the following five aspects:1 ) worshipping the ancestors;2 ) praying for a good harvest and good fishing;3 ) keeping a-way bad luck and calling for blessings;4 ) sharing happiness and improving harmony;5 ) hygiene and health care. Folk customs in Jeollanam-do are diversified. While taken as the concrete outward representa-tions of seasonal customs, these folk scenarios car-ry distinctive features of local customs: 1 ) rural music is the most important factor constituting these seasonal customs by enriching the functions and connotations; 2 ) With its keen local charac-teristics, distinctive quality of including spells, and carrying a religious sensibility, games are part and parcel to seasonal customs; 3 ) Different cul-tural circles are accompanied by different customs and habits. So there are differences between inland and coastal or island areas, and even within the coastal area, differences can occur among particu-lar sea areas.     

韩国华侨社会的形成、变迁及特征

本文系统探讨了近百年来韩国华侨社会的形成、变迁及特征,从政府对华侨的关注及政策的改进、中韩民间经济贸易关系的加速发展、韩国华侨扩大对外交流的努力、华侨学校的再兴等方面阐述了中、韩建交后韩国华侨社会的变化,指出中、韩两国人民的相互移居对两国的未来发展有着重要的影响。     

The Korean diaspora and belonging in the UK: identity tensions between North and South Koreans

Previous studies of North Korean migrants and refugees in the UK have focused on labour issues, inter-Korean diaspora issues and how inter-Korean peninsula geopolitics affects North Korean integration in a third country such as the UK. This paper explains the role of identity formation in processes of belonging and integration for the North Korean group. This group is significant in the sense that the group shares strong beliefs in a unified Korean ethnicity with the South Korean diaspora, and yet comes from a specific Korean state that is territorially divided from the majority of Korean migrants who emigrate from South Korea. This tension creates a number of alternative scenarios regarding expectations of the relationship between national identity, diaspora politics and processes of belonging in a host nation.     

民族素质推动了韩国知识经济的发展

本文利用丰富的资料,介绍了韩国在民族素质和知识经济方面取得的巨大进步。     

新疆宗教格局探索

多种宗教并存是从古至今新疆宗教演变最基本的特点。不同历史时期,新疆多种宗教并存格局呈现不同的特点。依次呈现以佛教为主的多种宗教并存格局;以佛教和伊斯兰教为主的多种宗教并存格局;以伊斯兰教为主的多种宗教并存格局。     

The Janus-faced court of naturalisation: marriage and kinship in naturalisation litigation in South Korea

Migration scholars have noted the growing role of the courts in expanding migrants’ rights. Drawing from naturalisation litigation in South Korea for case studies, this article investigates the role of the court in determining national membership. Three main findings are presented based upon an analysis of 105 marriage-based and 36 kinship-based litigations filed against the Ministry of Justice in the Seoul Administrative Court. First, the Court adopts a more liberal interpretation of ‘true intention to marry’ than the Ministry, granting citizenship to those who convincingly perform their roles as dutiful wives. Second, the Court plays a more active role in kinship-based than marriage-based naturalisation, challenging the Ministry's too-narrow interpretation of the requirements. Overall, however, the Court shows strong judicial deference to the Ministry and plays a passive role in advocating for the rights of migrants. The Korean case highlights the need to revisit the tendency to view immigration and citizenship as special classes of public laws, over which administrative and legislative bodies of a government can exercise a significant degree of discretion. As citizenship is becoming an important dimension of social stratification, the judicial branch should serve as a check on the executive branch in issuing visas and granting citizenship.     

试论朝鲜半岛民族主义的特性及影响

历史已经证明,作为一种强大的思想和运动,民族主义具有神话般的建构和解构能力它不仅可以创建一个新的民族国家,而且还能冲破国家主权的控制,导致民族国家的解体或融合。朝鲜半岛民族主义之强烈是一个不争的事实。半个多世纪以来,朝鲜半岛南、北两国都宣称致力于朝鲜民族统一,但至今未果。本文力图通过探究朝鲜半岛民族主义所具有的三大特性——反抗性、分裂性和精英主义——来揭示朝鲜半岛民族主义在朝鲜民族分裂和统一进程中的矛盾角色。     

民族·民族史·民族史学--论白寿彝先生民族研究的特点和风格

白寿彝先生在民族研究方面,涉及民族、民族史和民族史学等领域,其特点是民族和统一的多民族国家研究相结合、民族史和民族关系史研究相结合、民族史学和中国史学史研究相结合,这些特点突出反映了白寿彝先生民族研究的学术特点和理论风格及其在学术史上的地位。     

信仰变异与民族特征--卡力岗回族民族特征浅议

化隆卡力岗山区的藏族由于改奉了伊斯兰教而随了回族,因此其民族特征发生了根本性的交化,使他们重新确立了以伊斯兰文化为主导的价值取向和终极目标,形成了新的思维方式、行为规范、生活方式和风俗习惯,支撑着这个民族生活大厦的过去、现在和未来,而伊斯兰文化则成为他们赖以共同奋斗的精神纽带。