考虑不确定响应的分时电价分级优化模型

针对我国用户执行峰谷分时电价的实际情况,本文构建了多类用户参与此项措施的分级优化模型.在考虑用户响应不确定性的条件下,先构造多类用户峰谷分时电价的一级优化模型;然后采用区间法,建立了供电公司和用户实行峰谷分时电价的风险损失评估二级优化模型;根据设定的风险阀值给出了最优峰谷分时电价方案的筛选方法.算例表明,该方法具有一定的可操作性,对电力监管部门推行此项措施具有一定的参考作用.     

基于需求侧响应的峰谷分时电价研究

电能作为一种商品,它同样遵循着市场规则。在电力市场环境下,如何制定合理的电价显得十分重要。目前,世界普遍应用的一种终端用户电价是分时电价,其在削峰填谷以及平滑系统负荷等方面具有重要作用,对己经执行的峰谷分时电价建立一个动态调整机制,提高电力资源配置效率以及电能的社会效益,是一种非常有效的需求侧管理途径。     

配网分时电价实用预测模型研究

在电力市场环境下,进行准确的电价预测对市场中的各参与者具有极其重要的意义.针对配网分时电价,本文使用规划优化方法,采用一般时段划分,集中负荷具体到配网变电站的每条出线,建立了优化的配网分时电价预测模型,并根据经济学原理定义电价.通过数学规划的Kuhn Tucker条件,求得电价的计算公式.探讨了电价公式中各分量的计算方法,并进一步通过算例初步验证了本模型的有效及实用性.     

基于阶梯电价的北京市居民电价的改革预测

文章在分析《北京市年鉴》数据的基础上,在季节电价,峰谷电价等方面对北京市的阶梯电价进行了未来可能方案的预测,利用半梯形隶属函数给出了北京市季节峰谷电价时段:夏季高峰时段为10:00-22:00,低谷时段为0:00-8:00,平段时间为8:00-10:00,22:00-0:00。春秋冬季高峰时段为9:00-13:00,16:00-22:00,低谷时段为0:00-7:00,平段时间为7:00-9:00,13:00-16:00,22:00-0:00。高峰电价:一档为0.51元/度,二档为0.57元/度,三档为0.83元/度。低谷电价:一档为0.42元/度,二档为0.46元/度,三档为0.67元/度。平段电价维持现北京市阶梯电价不变。     

实时电价的社会福利解析

实时电价的电力需求响应技术在供给平衡的基础上提高了多能源的开发与利用,进而提高了能源市场的整体效率。为了解析说明实时电价具有的社会效益,本文在社会福利最大化模型的基础上,研究分析了实时电价与社会福利的关系。首先,通过二次规划求解社会福利最大化模型获得电价解析解。在此基础上,本文得到并分析了实时电价与社会福利的定量关系。其次,用户用电弹性系数以及预设参数对实时电价以及社会福利的影响被解析说明。进一步地,基于电价解析解,本文给出并分析了实时电价相对于固定电价产生的社会福利增值。最后,结合解析结论以及上海市定价标准进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,实时电价较之分时电价不仅增加了消费者剩余,同时提高了社会福利。     

具有电力存储设备的实时需求响应与能量调度

实时需求响应与能量调度是智能电网中调节电力供需平衡的理想手段,其实施必然对用户的用电行为和电网的运行与管理产生深远影响。本文考虑用户具有多个可充、放电的电力存储设备,兼顾供电商发电量平稳的需求,在社会福利最大化模型的基础上,建立一个实时需求响应与能量调度的优化模型。给出模型的对偶问题,在满足强对偶性的前提下,可以通过求解对偶问题得到原问题的最优解,并确定可供用户与供电商参考的实时电价。在对偶问题中,问题可以分解为用户侧和供电侧两类子问题。进而设计分布式实时需求响应算法,并证明了算法的收敛性,供电侧与用户侧通过信息互动求得最优解。仿真结果验证了模型的合理性和算法的可行性。     

需求响应下解决交叉补贴的阶梯电价方案研究——基于社会福利最大化视角

我国电价交叉补贴问题非常严重，其无论从经济效率还是公平上而言都是不合理的，必须尽快解决。通过对现行电价政策分析，阶梯电价政策可以解决交叉补贴问题，但现行方案效果不明显，因此需要调整。不仅如此，由于各档次用户对电价变化的需求响应程度存在差异，调整阶梯电价来解决交叉补贴的方案有许多，故存在一个社会福利最大化的解决方案。本文以社会福利最大化为目标，调整各档用户的电价，同时引入拉格朗日函数，设计出最优解决交叉补贴问题的阶梯电价方案，得到各档相应的电价比值。结果表明，当分档电价比值为1：1.62：2.41时社会福利存在极大值，此时阶梯电价方案是众多方案中的最优方案，社会福利全年增加约为702.00亿元。此方案在解决交叉补贴问题的基础上还兼顾了用户间公平和承受能力，对当前电价改革具有重要参考价值。     

售电侧改革、市场主体变化与电价红利:基于讨价还价博弈

本文通过构建“一对多”和“多对多”讨价还价博弈模型,研究了售电侧改革前后,发电商和售电公司之间关于消费者剩余分配的博弈过程。具体来说,文章从售电侧改革带来的博弈主体与博弈机制变化角度,揭示了售电侧改革对用户电价红利的影响。研究发现:售电侧放开后,电力市场交易机制由“一对多”竞价上网变为“多对多”讨价还价匹配,造成了售电侧博弈主体的议价能力下降,发电侧博弈主体相对议价能力上升。发电商群体将索取更多的消费者剩余,从而推动发电侧整体报价的上涨,挤压了售电侧的利润空间,导致售电公司被迫抬高市场电价,最终剥夺了用户的电价红利。研究揭示了售电侧改革未能带来电价下降的根本原因。     

计及电力系统运行风险的电价管理新策略

针对传统电价管理方法的不足,提出了一种计及电力系统短期运行风险的电价管理新策略。该方法在电力系统运行风险评估的基础上对实时电价进行调节,能够以电价为信号刺激用户采取合理的用电结构和方式,从而增强系统运行可靠性。方法只是弥补了传统方法不能考虑系统可靠性的不足,而不是颠覆传统的电价管理方法,所以二者之间具有很好的衔接性。通过对IEEE-RTS可靠性测试系统的计算分析验证了所提算法的有效性。     

计及电力系统运行风险的电价管理新策略

针对传统电价管理方法的不足,提出了一种计及电力系统短期运行风险的电价管理新策略.该方法在电力系统运行风险评估的基础上对实时电价进行调节,能够以电价为信号刺激用户采取合理的用电结构和方式,从而增强系统运行可靠性.方法只是弥补了传统方法不能考虑系统可靠性的不足,而不是颠覆传统的电价管理方法,所以二者之间具有很好的衔接性.通过对IEEE-RTS可靠性测试系统的计算分析验证了所提算法的有效性.     

Electricity Time‐of‐Use Tariff with Stochastic Demand

In this article, we study the electricity time‐of‐use (TOU) tariff for an electricity company with stochastic demand. The electricity company offers the flat rate (FR) and TOU tariffs to customers. Under the FR tariff, the customer pays a flat price for electricity consumption in both the peak and non‐peak periods. Under the TOU tariff, the customer pays a high price for electricity consumption in the peak period and a low price for electricity consumption in the non‐peak period. The electricity company uses two technologies, namely the base‐load and peak‐load technologies, to generate electricity. We derive the optimal capacity investment and pricing decisions for the electricity company. Furthermore, we use real data from a case study to validate the results and derive insights for implementing the TOU tariff. We show that in almost all the cases, the electricity company needs less capacity for both technologies under the TOU tariff than under the FR tariff, even though the expected demand in the non‐peak period increases. In addition, except for some extreme cases, there is essentially no signicant reduction in the total demand of the two periods, although the TOU tariff can reduce the demand in the peak period. Under the price‐cap regulation, the customer may pay a lower price on average under the TOU tariff than under the FR tariff. We conduct an extensive numerical study to assess the impacts of the model parameters on the optimal solutions and the robustness of the analytical results, and generate managerial implications of the research findings.     

基于逆向供应的V2G市场电价策略研究

本文讨论了电动汽车普及后电力公司借助V2G技术建立V2G市场的市场运行模式,对电力公司在不同价格策略下,电动汽车保有者参与V2G市场向电力公司反向供电的响应度进行对比、分析.结果表明:电力公司采取分时电价策略时,可以以较不采用分时电价情景低的反向购电价格获得更高的V2G市场响应度,在不损失电动汽车保有者效益的情况下,使电力公司获得更高的总收益.     

A Dynamic Model of Product Quality and Pricing Decisions on Sales Response

This paper presents a dynamic model that examines the influence of price and customer perception of product quality on the sales rate of a firm producing durable goods. The sales rate of the firm is modeled as a function of its price, average product life, perceived quality, and market potential. Specifically, the model considers: (1) the process by which perceived quality is determined by including the effects of the average life of a product and quality weighted units in the market; (2) the time delay in the influence of actual quality on perceived quality; (3) the process by which demand (i.e., potential sales) is converted to realized sales due to the effects of price and perceived quality; and (4) the saturation effect and associated non-linearity in the demand function. The model presented is a reformulation and extension of the model originally proposed by Bass [2]. The validity of the model is tested using historical data on For Mustang.     

Ordering,Pricing, and Lead‐Time Quotation Under Lead‐Time and Demand Uncertainty

In this article, we study the newsvendor problem with endogenous setting of price and quoted lead‐time. This problem can be observed in situations where a firm orders semi‐finished product prior to the selling season and customizes the product in response to customer orders during the selling season. The total demand during the selling season and the lead‐time required for customization are uncertain. The demand for the product depends not only on the selling price but also on the quoted lead‐time. To set the quoted lead‐time, the firm has to carefully balance the benefit of increasing demand as the quoted lead‐time is reduced against the cost of increased tardiness. Our model enables the firm to determine the optimal selling price, quoted lead‐time, and order quantity simultaneously, and provides a new set of insights to managers.     

随机需求下考虑不同竞争情形的网约车平台动态定价

针对乘车需求波动下网约车平台间存在乘车需求竞争和乘运供应竞争的最优定价问题，以平台期望收益最大化为目标，运用最优控制论方法，构建不同竞争情形下的网约车平台动态定价模型，并利用哈密尔顿函数及模型推导，求得最优动态竞争价格解以及乘运供应率与需求率的变化轨迹。结果表明：平台最优动态竞争价格随市场需求的波动而动态变化，且最优价格可以有效调控平台供应能力，促使平台供需匹配，优化平台期望收益。此外，乘车需求市场竞争越激烈，平台最优价格越低，而乘运供应市场竞争越激烈，最优价格越高。平台间竞争的加剧将降低平台的期望收益，且平台期望收益随着固定佣金报酬率的提高先增大后减小。     

Pareto‐Improving Contracts for Express Package Delivery Services

We address the problem of an express package delivery company in structuring a long‐term customer contract whose terms may include prices that differ by day‐of‐week and by speed‐of‐service. The company traditionally offered speed‐of‐service pricing to its customers, but without day‐of‐week differentiation, resulting in customer demands with considerable day‐of‐week seasonality. The package delivery company hoped that using day‐of‐week and speed‐of‐service price differentiation for contract customers would induce these customers to adjust their demands to become counter‐cyclical to the non‐contract demand. Although this usually cannot be achieved by pricing alone, we devise an approach that utilizes day‐of‐week and speed‐of‐service pricing as an element of a Pareto‐improving contract. The contract provides the lowest‐cost arrangement for the package delivery company while ensuring that the customer is at least as well off as he would have been under the existing pricing structure. The contract pricing smoothes the package delivery company's demand and reduces peak requirements for transport capacity. The latter helps to decrease capital costs, which may allow a further price reduction for the customer. We formulate the pricing problem as a biconvex optimization model, and present a methodology for designing the contract and numerical examples that illustrate the achievable savings.     

有限供应的现货市场与期权合约下的采购策略

在随机现货价格与随机需求相独立的情况下,当现货市场供应量有限时,本文采用期权组合合约建立两阶段采购风险管理模型,以期最大化零售商的期望利润.文中提供了甄别有效合约的算法,得到零售商的最优采购策略,并进一步用算例分析了现货市场的供应量、现货价格和客户需求的波动性对最优采购策略的影响,发现当现货市场的供应量增加时,零售商应...     

基于无缺陷退货的网上销售易逝品供应链协调模型

本文针对网上在线销售易逝品的无缺陷退货现象,考虑了供应链的最优订购协调问题。利用一个两阶段动态规划来描述动态市场环境下网上销售商的两次订购行为,在假定在两个销售阶段都发生无缺陷退货现象的前提下,分别建立了集中和分散决策模型,同时设计了价格保护契约以实现供应链的协调运作。最后,利用数值仿真得出了一些重要的管理启示。通过研究发现：（1）当不确定性较大时,网上销售商需要在第1阶段多订购产品以应对需求风险,因此导致了较低的系统期望利润。并且,需求的不确定性越大,供应链协调越有价值。（2）当第1阶段或第2阶段退货率或两阶段退货率都增加时,两个阶段的最优订购量均减小。（3）对于需求波动性较高的产品,顾客的退货率越小或者可服务退货率越大,价值越高（即对供应链系统期望利润的提高越显著）。     

Planning Service Capacity When Demand Is Sensitive to Delay

This paper presents a model designed to help determine the number of clerks or servers in a retail queuing situation. The model demonstrates a realistic treatment of the effect of waiting time on customer demand and revenues by treating the average waiting time as a form of price. Thus, the demand rate and service level are interrelated. The number of servers is obtained by balancing the cost of additional servers against the revenues and profits arising from greater demand. An example is shown, using data obtained from a supermarket, to demonstrate the insight gained from applying the model. Some extensions and research possibilities are considered, including a treatment of ancillary activities. An appendix examines a continuous version of the model which provides additional insight into the character of the model.