数字学术信息商品的公共物品属性及其利用

在经济生活中除了私人物品外,还相当广泛地存在着不满足竞争性和排他性特点的商品,这类商品中只要满足消费上的非竞争性,在经济学中就被称作公共物品,如国防、道路、灯塔、防护林、大坝、广播电视等等。公共物品的非竞争性意味     

私人物品还是公共物品？——中国托幼服务供给的历史逻辑和未来发展

托幼服务供给本质上取决于人们对儿童属性的看法。如果儿童被视为私人物品,那么托幼服务的成本将由家庭承担。反之,如果儿童被视为准公共物品,那么单位或国家将分担家庭的托幼服务成本。从供给主体情况来看,家庭托幼、社区托幼和民办机构托幼是基于儿童属于私人物品的理念。单位托幼和公办机构托幼则是基于儿童属于准公共物品的理念。在计划经济时期,为了让妇女更好地参与社会主义计划经济建设,托幼服务作为职工福利由单位/集体提供。20世纪80年代以后,托幼服务的市场化改革将托幼成本转给家庭,主要是为了让企业成为市场经济的竞争主体。随着我国生育率的持续下降,普惠性托幼服务改革成为鼓励生育政策的重要配套措施之一。     

民主财政:以民主的名义

按照政府经济学的观点,政府(生产者)与公众(消费者)之间存在着契约关系,政府要为公众提供公共产品和服务,为此要向公众征税来筹集资金;而公众从政府提供的公共物品中受益,但要付出纳税代价。如果政府不能为公众提供满意的公共服务,就会失去公众的支持。在这个过程中,民主财政的社会意义弥足珍贵。     

城市宏观政策对环境的影响

环境资源的公共物品和准公共物品性质决定了政府干预其合理配置的必要性。政府干预环境问题的途径主要有微观控制和宏观政策影响两个方面。从我国城市发展的历程来看,宏观政策对城市环境问题的形成、发展起了决定性的作用,因此,城市环境问题的根本解决也需要从宏观政策上寻找出路。 一、中国城市环境问题的现状与主要成因     

试论权利与公共物品的内在关联

权利与公共物品之间的内在关联,是当代政治哲学所关注的一大问题。对这一问题的研究有着很强的现实性。所谓公共物品,主要是指那些既不具有消费上的对抗性,也不具有使用上的排他性的事物:它能够同时供许多人享用,并且供给它的成本与享用它的效果并不随享用它的人数规模的变化而变化。在现实生话中,可以称作公共物品的事物很多,它们大致可分为四大类:第一类是实物性的公共物品,如地铁、货币、土地、机器、工具、国防设备等等;第二类     

浅析我国公共物品市场化研究

公共物品市场化是指为解决政府提供公共物品造成的财政支出困难和资源使用效率下降,最终把公共物品(至少是一部分)推向市场的一种制度设计或方法。本文对我国公共物品市场化进行分析。公共物品市场化在我国是可行的,是适应我国社会主义市场经济的发展的趋势,也是解决我国政府提供公共物品造成财政支出困难和我国公共物品供给低效率的根本途径。     

从公共经济学角度看治安服务低效问题

治安服务作为一种公益物品，在消费上必然会存在搭便车的问题。就目前来看．公益物品理论是政府干预最充分的理由。绝大多数国家都采取了政府垄断经营公益物品的方式，尤其是在治安服务上，这必然产生了治安服务的有效供给不足和供给上的低效率或无效率问题。     

城市公共物品供给中政府与非营利组织的协作——以宁波市政府购买居家养老服务政策为例

建国以来,我国政府长期以行政供给机制来供给城市公共物品,然而其运行效果不良。随着我国中国特色社会主义市场经济的发展与国外行政改革示范,政府和社会各界逐步注意到了社会力量在城市公共物品供给中的作用和功能,而NGO作为社会的主要力量更是受到关注。本文探讨城市公共物品供给中政府与非营利组织的定位是什么,是如何进行协作的,同时也对两者的协作供给进行反思。     

优化公共经济强化公共服务--跨世纪的城市政府职能转变的基本取向

城市综合体制改革之初,我曾在全国首届城市管理研讨会上提出:作为人口、产业、设施和市场密集的现代城市的经济内涵,是公共经济、产业经济和消费经济的有机结合,表现为健全的公共设施与公共服务、发达的商品生产与商品流通、旺盛的私人消费和公共消费的高度聚集和互相促进.因而城市经济改革的基本取向应该是把政府集权、全盘公有和全面计划化的城市经济活动一分为三,区分为以政府等公共机构为投资管理主体的非营利性公共经济,以营利性企业为自主经营主体的产业经济,以及满足居民和社会团体的各种物质生活和精神文化需求的消费经济.城市政府应对这样三种内涵和功能、配置方式和运行机制各不相同的经济分别行使不同的管理职能,运用不同的管理方法--通过政企分开、所有制多元化和政府间接调控放开搞活产业经济;通过健全公共设施、完善公共服务大力发展公共经济;通过自由的市场选择不断扩大商品供给满足消费需求.     

效率与公平视角下的城市公共物品供给

改革开放二十多年来,我国城市化进程日益加快,城市公共物品的供给总量虽然达到了前所未有的规模,但就城市化进程中的实际需求而言,这一供给还明显不足,还存在着巨大的缺口.众所周知,在一定时期内可用于生产与配置的资源总是具有稀缺性.同时,由于我国正处于全面建设小康社会和改革开放的攻坚阶段,社会主义现代化建设事业的各个方面都亟须政府的财政支出,财政压力明显过大,银根严重吃紧.因此,在既能保证效率又能兼顾公平的前提下,探讨如何提高城市公共物品的有效供给以满足日益增长的城市公共需求,缓解城市公共物品供需矛盾,就显得尤为必要.     

Accuracy of the judgment of facial expression of emotions as a function of sex and level of education

The purpose of this study is to examine the recognition of facial expressions of six emotions as a function of sex and level of education (high school, college, university) of the subjects. Three hundred French-speaking citizens of Quebec had to judge which emotion was expressed in various facial stimuli presented on slides. Results show that overall, the recognition of emotions was very good. However, there were significant and strong differences between emotions and sex and levels of education did not have strong effects on the results.This research was supported by grant EQ-1717 from Fonds FCAC (Gouvernment du Quebec).     

公用事业公有制的多种实现形式

分析了公用事业由国有独资经营向公有制多种实现形式转化必须把握好的几个方面。同时,政府应加强对公用事业的宏观控制力。     

浅析廊坊市加快科学发展的思路及措施

主要从思想建设、产业结构调整、城乡一体化方面探讨廊坊市抓住发展机遇,加快科学发展的思路。     

Developing understanding of the idea of communities of learners

The idea of a community of learners is based on the premise that learning occurs as people participate in shared endeavors with others, with all playing active but often asymmetrical roles in sociocultural activity. This contrasts with models of learning that are based on one‐sided notions of learning— either that it occurs through transmission of knowledge from experts or acquisition of knowledge by novices, with the learner or the others (respectively) in a passive role. In this paper, I develop the distinction between the community of learners and one‐sided approaches from the perspective of a theory of learning as participation, and use two lines of research to illustrate the transitions in perspective necessary to understand the idea of communities of learners. One line of research examines differing models of teaching and learning employed by caregivers and toddlers from Guatemalan Mayan and middle‐class European‐American families; the other line of research involves a study of how middle‐class parents make a transition from their own schooling background to participate in instruction in a public US elementary school.     

The frequency of sexual abuse and depression in a sample of street children of one of deprived districts of Tehran

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of sexual abuse and depression among street children who live in a deprived district of Tehran. The researchers used the K-SADS questionnaire and a clinical interview were used to evaluate depression and sexual abuse in 87 street children in Tehran. Eighteen (20.9%) of the children had been sexually abused. Depressed children were 3.2 times more likely to be sexually abused than non-depressed children. Furthermore, 26 girls (86.7%) and 27 boys (48.2%) suffered from depression. The frequency of depression demonstrated a significant association with the father's or breadwinner's history of imprisonment or unemployment. Interventional programs providing education and support should be implemented for street children.     

劳动法视域下新生代农民工权利缺失问题

中国经济崛起和城市化进程过程中农民工的贡献有目共睹,城市让生活更美好的诱惑使得中国的新老两代农民工从农村流入城市,2008年1月1日的《劳动合同法》和《劳动争议调解仲裁法》让社会看到了改善农民工权利状况的希望,然而新生代农民工的权利保护尤其是作为一名劳动者的权利保护的现状依然不如人意,没有救济的权利不是真正的权利、迟来的正义是非正义,每年岁末对于农民工权益的突击性保障并不能从根本上解决问题,把包括农民工权益保障的社会问题纳入法治框架内、通过探析新生代农民工权利阙如问题及原因进而发现从制度层面进行解决才是解决农民工权益保障问题的根本途径。     

学龄儿童健康行为研究方法述评

学龄儿童健康行为研究越来越得到重视,在未来周期性的研究中也面临着在快速发展的背景下保持较高质量、在有限的财政资源情况下持续提高、使趋势分析与修改问卷内容相适应、满足科学受众和政策受众的不同要求等挑战,因此,完善其研究方法成为当前迫切需要。     

“吸毒人员未成年子女监护问题”研讨会综述

针对吸毒人员对其未成年子女的监护不力或监护缺失的现状，深入探讨了终止、剥夺乃至转移吸毒人员监护权的问题。涉及到监护权转移实践方面的问题，与会专家提出了临时监护人，短、长期寄养家庭，机构性质的儿童之家，儿童福利院等多种监护权转移方案。对一些存有疑义的问题，则是需要系统研究、统筹规划的新课题。     

Mobility of students and attractiveness of universities. The case of Sapienza University of Rome

Human mobility is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. While labour migration has been widely and deeply investigated – through theoretical and empirical analysis – other forms of mobility have received much less attention. Students' mobility is a peculiar form of temporary movement that can be considered as neither migration nor tourism. It is rapidly growing: in the period 1975–2005 the number of tertiary education students abroad increased fourfold, from 0.61 million to 2.73 million, following the trend of the internationalization of economy and globalization of culture. In 2009 almost 3.7 million tertiary students were enrolled outside their country of origin, an increase of more than 6% from the previous year.

In this paper we analyse the international mobility of university students, using a unique data set built through surveys conducted at the Sapienza University of Rome. The data collected cover a rich array of information on students' characteristics and backgrounds, provenance places, family conditions, individual aspirations, and job preferences. The empirical analysis of those data offers an opportunity for understanding a relevant part of mobility decisions of (prospective) highly qualified workers. The Sapienza University, moreover, is at present the largest university in Europe for number of students and a pole of attraction for both European and non-European students. This allows us to enlarge our analysis at a global level.