基于需求转移的易逝性产品最优动态定价策略

本文针对易逝性产品中新产品对老产品需求的转移作用,应用收入管理方法得出老产品的最优动态定价策略,并应用最大凹向包络理论给出了简化算法的方法.数值算例表明在存在需求转移的情况下,应更早的提供较低的价格.最后作者给出了包含生产和定价的综合模型.     

易逝性产品降价时点的Stackelberg博弈

本文研究了采用两级价格策略的易逝性产品关于降价时点的Stackelberg博弈模型,应用图解法获得了Stackelberg均衡点,得出在竞争环境下先动企业会推迟降价而后动企业会提前降价的结论,通过算例验证了这一结论,并指出了转移概率对博弈结果的影响.     

易逝性高科技产品的定价策略

随着科学技术迅猛发展,高科技产品的市场生命周期迅速缩短。如何把握稍纵即逝的市场机会,针对易逝性高科技产品市场生命周期的不同阶段,合理制定产品价格策略,是高科技企业必须面对的问题。     

易逝性高科技产品收益管理定价策略

高科技产品作为一种典型的易逝性商品,其定价对于零售商的利润有着举足轻重的影响.基于收益管理思想,以获得最大期望利润为目标,考虑缺货时消费者的替代行为,建立了随机需求环境下基于多项logit顾客选择模型和服务水平的易逝性高科技产品收益管理定价策略模型.对建立的模型用单阶段算例进行了模拟分析,并讨论了不同顾客到达率、不同初始库存、产品对于消费者的不同影响度下的最优策略,得出了一系列比较有意义的性质和管理原则.     

消费者对易逝性高科技产品更新的反应

本文尝试从消费者的角度,分析影响消费者对易逝性高科技产品更新反应的因素。     

易逝品降价时点设定问题的Cournot博弈模型

本文基于Gallego和van Ryzin的两级价格策略,构建了两种竞争性易逝品降价时点设定问题的Cournot博弈模型,应用图解法求得Cournot均衡点,得出在竞争环境下先动企业会推迟降价时点而后动企业会提前降价的结论,通过实例分析验证了这一结论,同时指出了转移概率对均衡结果的影响.研究结果可为竞争环境下易逝性产品降价策略的制定提供决策支持.     

基于多级折扣价格的易逝品订货策略研究

基于价格折扣条件下的报童模型,研究了分销商面向折拐的需求价格曲线.采用呈等差数列下降的多级折扣价格销售产品,以期望利润最大为目标,给出了求解最优折扣次数的算法,进而得到相应的分销商最优订货量.与需求价格曲线的斜率b不变时相比较,b增大对最优订货量无显著影响;b减小对最优订货量有显著影响.     

考虑批发价格更新的易逝品的零售商订货策略

易逝品的供应链管理作为供应链管理的一个重要分支,日益受到关注和重视。易逝品供应链管理的一个核心问题就是:制造商如何吸引零售商尽早订货和零售商如何针对制造商的吸引措施来进行合理订货。本文研究考虑批发价格更新的易逝品的零售商的订货策略,制造商通过为零售商提供不同批发价格的两次订货机会,来实现制造商和零售商的共赢。通过对开始时刻和批发价格更新后的系统进行建模和讨论,得到了制造商提供的两次不同的批发价格应满足的条件和零售商应该采取的优化的订货与调整策略。     

需求信息更新条件下易逝品的批量订货策略

为了获得价格折扣或运输方便,制造商常常要求零售商采取批量订货的策略.文章研究考虑顾客需求信息更新的易逝品的批量订货策略.制造商通过为零售商提供两次订货机会,来实现制造商和零售商的共赢.通过对开始时刻和顾客需求信息更新后的系统进行建模和讨论,得到了在两次订货条件下零售商应该采取的优化的订货与调整策略.     

可加效用下基于消费者惰性的易逝品动态定价

本文在考虑销售商的风险规避态度和消费者惰性的情况下,研究了易逝品的动态定价策略。首先给出风险规避的销售商实施动态定价的马尔可夫决策过程,并运用MNL随机效用模型来刻画惰性消费者的购买决策,在此基础上,以风险规避销售商的期望效用最大化为目标,利用动态规划方法建立了可加效用下的易逝品动态定价模型,并探讨了消费者的惰性行为和销售商的风险规避态度对最优价格的影响。结论表明：在销售商的风险态度为风险规避的情况下,考虑消费者惰性行为的最优价格随库存水平的增加而降低,随剩余销售时间的增加而提高,消费者的惰性行为和销售商的风险规避态度对最优价格都存在负向影响,即最优价格随惰性深度的增加而降低,随惰性宽度的增加而降低,同时,销售商的风险规避态度越强烈,其制定的产品价格越低。     

收益的定价管理在网络空间租赁中的应用

将收益管理技术引入网络空间租赁领域,通过对网络空间特点的分析,得出影响供应商定价的5种因素:软硬件配置及基础设施建设、服务、租赁空间的大小、租赁时间和技术进步,并通过相关数据说明这些因素对供应商定价产生的影响。将收益管理与网络租赁产品价格设计联系起来,简要阐述了网络产品价格设计的全过程,并针对当前价格设计中存在的问题,提出了几种有效的解决方法。     

Using Prices More Realistically as Decision Variables in Perishable-Asset Revenue Management Problems

This paper addresses a new slant to a problem which is general to many of the transportation industries—perishable asset revenue management. Traditional approaches have assumed that prices are fixed and solved for the optimal allocation quantities. Our approach recognizes that prices of the different classes affect demand and should therefore be included as decision variables to be optimized. We solve three different types of problems: (a) up to n price classes, distinct asset control mechanism, and no diversion, (b) up to 3 price classes, serial nested asset control mechanism, and no diversion, (c) up to 3 price classes, serial nested asset control mechanism, and diversion. Analytical results are provided in most cases and examples illustrate the results as well as the time required to solve these complex problems. Finally we look at the tradeoff involved between computational time and expected contribution when using heuristic decisions obtained from less realistic assumptions relative to the true optimal decisions. On average, the suboptimality ranged from 3.19% to 4.88% with a corresponding decrease in computing time required on the order of several minutes. Some trends are presented to help determine a priori which type of problems would tend to benefit most from the more accurate formulation. This should help managers decide when it is worth the extra computing time to come up with the true optimal solution.     

考虑竞争者进入威胁的易逝品动态定价机制

本文研究了同时考虑竞争者进入威胁和消费者行为的易逝品的动态定价机制.依据策略性和忠诚性两个维度,将市场中的消费者分为策略型忠诚者、策略型转换者、短视型忠诚者和短视型转换者四种类型.建立了在位企业、竞争企业与策略消费者间的两阶段动态博弈模型,通过均衡求解与分析,探讨了在位企业和竞争企业的最优价格机制以及消费者行为对企业定价行为和均衡收益的影响,深入分析了竞争者的进入行为对在位企业定价和收益的影响,以及消费者策略行为和转换行为与竞争者进入行为间的交互作用机制.研究表明:在位企业可以依据策略消费者的比例,采取智能的动态定价机制,实行或放弃对策略消费者的跨期价格歧视,最大化自身收益;消费者策略行为会降低在位企业的绩效却能够提高竞争者的绩效;竞争者的进入并非总是对在位企业不利,在一定条件下,竞争者的进入有利于提高在位企业的绩效;在位企业通过多种方式培养自己的忠实顾客,不仅能够应对竞争者的进入威胁而且能够缓解消费者策略行为的负面影响.     

Up Then Down: Bid‐Price Trends in Revenue Management

In the classic revenue management (RM) problem of selling a fixed quantity of perishable inventories to price‐sensitive non‐strategic consumers over a finite horizon, the optimal pricing decision at any time depends on two important factors: consumer valuation and bid price. The former is determined exogenously by the demand side, while the latter is determined jointly by the inventory level on the supply side and the consumer valuations in the time remaining within the selling horizon. Because of the importance of bid prices in theory and practice of RM, this study aims to enhance the understanding of the intertemporal behavior of bid prices in dynamic RM environments. We provide a probabilistic characterization of the optimal policies from the perspective of bid‐price processes. We show that an optimal bid‐price process has an upward trend over time before the inventory level falls to one and then has a downward trend. This intertemporal up‐then‐down pattern of bid‐price processes is related to two fundamental static properties of the optimal bid prices: (i) At any given time, a lower inventory level yields a higher optimal bid price, which is referred to as the resource scarcity effect; (ii) Given any inventory level, the optimal bid price decreases with time; that is referred to as the resource perishability effect. The demonstrated upward trend implies that the optimal bid‐price process is mainly driven by the resource scarcity effect, while the downward trend implies that the bid‐price process is mainly driven by the resource perishability effect. We also demonstrate how optimal bid price and consumer valuation, as two competing forces, interact over time to drive the optimal‐price process. The results are also extended to the network RM problems.     

The moderating effect of product complexity on new product development and supply chain management integration

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether product complexity moderates the impact of integration programs in both new product development (NPD) and supply chain (SC) management on operational performance. Results are based on statistical analyses of data collected from an international sample of manufacturing firms through the fifth edition of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS 5). The main findings are that NPD and SC integration do have an impact on performance, while product complexity alone has not. When considering the moderating effect, complexity has no impact on NPD integration, while there is a negative moderating impact on SC integration. This study bridges together different streams of research, showing how both NPD and SC integration allow managing product complexity while improving performance.     

On the Use of Buy Up as a Model of Customer Choice in Revenue Management

We consider settings in which a revenue manager controls bookings over a sequence of flights. The revenue manager uses a buy‐up model to select booking limits and updates estimates of the model parameters as data are accumulated. The buy‐up model we consider is based upon a simple model of customer choice, wherein each low‐fare customer who is not able to purchase a low‐fare ticket will, with a fixed probability, “buy up” to the high fare, independent of everything else. We analyze the evolution of the parameter estimates (e.g., the buy‐up probability) and chosen booking limits in situations where the buy‐up model is misspecified, that is, in situations where there is no setting of its parameters for which its objective function gives an accurate representation of expected revenue as a function of the booking limit. The analysis is motivated by the common situation in which a revenue manager does not know precisely how customers behave but nevertheless uses a parametric model to make decisions. Under some assumptions, we prove that the booking limits and parameter estimates converge and we compare the actual expected revenue at the limiting values with that associated with the booking limits that would be chosen if the revenue manager knew the actual behavior of customers. The analysis shows that the buy‐up model often works reasonably well even when it is misspecified, and also reveals the importance of understanding how parameter estimates of misspecified models vary as functions of decisions.     

Interactions in new product development: How the nature of the NPD process influences interaction between teams and management

Effective interaction across organisational boundaries is a critical success factor in new product development (NPD). However, few studies have investigated how different mechanisms enable effective interaction across organisational and particularly hierarchical boundaries.This study explores how the formality of the NPD process influences the nature of interactions across different organisational boundaries and specifically identifies interaction mechanisms used across hierarchical boundaries. Cross-sectional interviews were conducted in nine firms. Findings highlight that in firms with a formalised NPD process, interactions tend to have a transactional/managerial bias. In contrast, in firms where the NPD process is flexible, interactions have a more social objective.     

航空公司收入管理价格与舱位控制的统一分析

收入管理对于改善民航企业的经济效益、增强民航企业的竞争能力具有重大意义. 文章 运用随机过程理论和最大凹向包络原理,探讨航空公司客运收入管理研究中动态价格与舱位 控制的统一分析模型,即在任意订票时刻,决定航班的哪些舱位该开放,以什么价格开放,从而 实现单个航班的收入最大化. 文章指出,航空公司可通过三阶段方法来获取最优的动态价格与 舱位控制策略,即确定最优价格集、开放舱位数及最优价格. 最后给出了实例分析.     

产品创新过程管理模式的基本问题研究

本文综合运用产品创新的思想和企业过程再造的理论 ,分析了产品创新过程中知识要素资源集成的内涵 ,以及产品创新过程的风险性、对各种要素资源的有效配置、加强开发者交流和学习、增进创新过程柔性和重塑企业竞争优势等特征 .在此基础上 ,从创新过程的组织、知识要素资源的运用、沟通和交流、学习技能、协调机制、激励方式、价值观、绩效等方面探讨了与产品创新过程相适应的以知识为核心的网络化管理模式 ,明确了新的管理模式从信息交流、为开发者授权、领导方式、协作方式上对传统的功能顺序式管理模式实现了突破 .