20世纪80代以来伦敦大都市治理改革的进程及展望

伦敦是著名的全球城市,不断革新的治理体系是促成其世界城市地位的重要制度因素之一.通过自20世纪80年代以来的伦敦治理过程的梳理发现,集权分权并重、政府与社会紧密合作,是其不断解决城市发展问题的治理变革主线,同时分析了当今城市治理面临的重大挑战,并提出了未来治理的重要展望和改革方向.     

试论进步时代美国的城市空气污染

19世纪90年代至一战前这一美国历史上的进步时代不仅是美国从农业社会迈入工业社会的大转折年代,同时也是城市空气污染问题开始凸显的时期。进步时代美国的城市空气污染主要源自19世纪下半叶工业化进程中的生产活动和人们不尽合理的生活方式。从结果来看,城市空气污染一方面直接影响和损害民众身体健康,另一方面也能成为引发其他问题的导火索,甚至激起剧烈的社会矛盾和冲突。可以说,城市空气污染问题是世纪之交美国社会自身运行状况的真实反映,同时也鲜明体现了美国社会的转型特性,对其进行研究或将助益于省思当下中国的城市空气污染问题。     

国际航运中心的变迁与发展模式研究——基于史料的案例分析

13世纪以来,阿姆斯特丹、伦敦、纽约、中国香港和新加坡等公认的国际航运中心的变迁与发展史实表明,国际航运中心的变迁与发展模式主要受到社会信息技术条件的影响,具体表现为20世纪50年代之前基本遵循以货物为基础的传统国际航运中心发展模式,其后在伦敦国际航运高端服务业锁定与辐射效应的影响下,其他各地航运产业的发展呈现出不同的发展模式,而特定地区的航运中心发展模式则与当地的区位条件与腹地制造业基础、政府的决策逻辑及船东企业活动三者有关。因此,上海国际航运中心建设应遵循以政府宏观政策推动为主导,以"航运"管"航运"为行业治理准则,以企业家精神为微观动力的发展模式,集中优势资源,有序促进航运产业核心要素的差异化集聚。     

欧盟环保理念：循环利用一切可利用的资源

欧洲一直是全球环保先锋.上世纪70年代以来,特别是欧盟成立以后,各项环境政策不断发展延伸,已经包含水污染、空气污染、噪声污染、化学品污染、废弃物管理、生物多样性、灾害预防治理等许多领域.欧盟在环境领域的贡献为其他国家和地区提供了宝贵经验.     

多尺度时空PM2.5分布特征、影响要素、方法演进的综述及城市规划展望

精细化治理空气污染正成为改善城市品质的重点方向,对城市多尺度PM2.5时空格局与影响要素的梳理有助于从研究和实践层面加强规划设计对公共健康的积极影响.本文从全国、城市、社区层面较全面地阐述了不同时空尺度下PM2.5的时空格局特征,总结了土地格局、交通网络、建成环境、蓝绿空间等不同影响因素与城市空气中PM2.5的相互关联...     

美国洛杉矶治理机动车排放污染的经验与教训

美国洛杉矶从上世纪六十年代开始治理严重的空气污染.洛杉矶独特的地理环境造成机动车尾气排放难以消散,采取的干预措施包括制定排放标准、搬迁污染企业、使用清洁燃料、控制交通工具以及改变出行行为等.经过治理,空气中氮氧化物排放量以及人体血铅含量逐年下降.一些创新举措如企业平均油耗标准、零排放汽车更新计划、温室气体排放限额与交易计划、燃油税改革以及按里程收费实验也取得了进展,对今天中国城市实现碳达峰、碳中和目标以及交通领域市场化改革具有一定的借鉴意义.     

伦敦世界城市建设的特征及对我国城市发展的启示

20世纪70年代以来,伦敦地方政府通过各项改革措施,成功实现了从世界文化古都向可持续发展的世界城市转变。伦敦建设世界城市的每个阶段都尤为注重规划;金融服务业为伦敦世界城市建设提供强大的发展引擎;多元完善的交通设施是伦敦成为世界城市的重要基础;国际多元文化中心、创意城市建设是伦敦世界城市软实力构成的核心;都市囤建设及大伦敦政府体制管理新模式是伦敦成为世界城市的重要保障;多层次的住房保障体系是伦敦世界城市吸引高端人群,增强宜居性的重要原因。伦敦的阶段性发展经验对我国一些大城市加快国际化进程建设有一定的启发意义。     

伦敦街头的投票箱

正今年夏天,我和朋友们一起去伦敦旅游,旖旎的英伦风光陶醉了同行的每一个人。当我们走在伦敦街头时,却发现一个奇怪的现象:几乎每一个公交站台都有一个投票箱。当时既没有大选,也没有什么大型的政治活动,为什么要设这样一个投票箱呢?经过细看并询问当地人,我才知道缘由,这事得从摄政公园说起。摄政公园是伦敦仅次于海德公园的第二大公园,每年游客接待量很大。去年4月以来,游客数     

经济波动和经济增长视角下的环境政策选择

随着工业革命席卷全球,全球经济得到飞速发展,但是同时空气污染也成为全人类必须面临的一个重大问题,而要想有效解决当前空气污染的问题,就必须制定并实施高效的环境政策。本文主要立足于DSGE(新凯恩斯)模型,探讨环境政策和空气污染的排放量这两大变量对其产生的影响,并从经济波动以及经济增长两方面对"污染排放税政策""强度目标制度政策"以及"限额排放制度政策"进行对比分析。     

国外特大城市人口调控的“减肥瘦身法”及启示

研究东京、伦敦、纽约、巴黎、莫斯科、首尔等国外特大城市面对人口压力问题所采取的治理措施。东京以"规划+引导"等多种调控手段综合运用,实现人口与城市发展相匹配;伦敦打造新城,实现"就业人口与居住职能"同步平衡疏解;纽约注重标准把控和规范管理,以经济杠杆实现人口自发调节;巴黎采用"登记+社保"的模式,实现对流动人口的有效管理;莫斯科动态调整城市人口密度,通过中心城区拆迁改造实现市区人口向郊区扩散;首尔"疏""堵"结合,通过搬迁中心城区行政机构引导人口梯度疏解。国外大城市人口治理的经验,对我国特大城市人口调控具有重要的启示意义。     

Air pollution and stock returns in the US

Health related research documents that air pollution has negative mood effects. Experimental works in psychology relate bad mood to increased risk aversion. Studies in financial economics report an observed link between mood effects and stock market returns. This study therefore investigates whether the mood effects caused by air pollution can have economic implications. It examines the relationship between air pollution and stock returns using data from the Air Quality Index, and stock returns from four stock exchanges in the US. We find that air pollution is negatively related to stock returns, even when controlling for other variables. The relationship becomes weaker as the distance of the stock exchange from the polluted area increases. The results also indicate that air pollution may even affect local traders investing in securities exchanges located far from the polluted area. The findings imply that a profitable trading strategy can be constructed.     

珠三角城市空气质量的时空变化特征及影响因素

珠江三角洲是我国人口、经济高度聚集的区域之一,环境问题凸显,城市空气质量备受关注。基于2002~2011年珠三角9城市空气污染指数,运用空间统计分析方法描述珠三角城市空气质量的时空分布特征,采用格兰杰因果检验探究珠三角地区城市间空气质量溢出特征,并结合灰色关联分析珠三角空气质量的影响因素。结果显示:珠三角2002~2011年空气质量有所好转,具有显著的季节性特征,冬季污染较严重,夏季污染较轻;空间上呈现出空气污染以广州为中心向四周递减的分布模式,并且存在城市间空气质量的相互影响效应,位于珠三角中部的广州和佛山的空气质量对东、南部的深圳和珠海空气质量产生影响;工业SO2排放量、人均绿地面积和城镇房屋施工面积是影响珠三角城市空气质量的主要因素。     

A Russian Consul in Newcastle upon Tyne: Baron Al'fons Al'fonsovich Geiking (1860–1930) and Anglo-Russian Connections at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

Baron Al'fons Al'fonsovich Geiking (Alfons von Heyking, 1860–1930) served as Russian consul in Newcastle upon Tyne in northern England from 1899 to 1908. His many publications included a 688-page book, England, Its State, Social and Economic Structure: Investigations and Observations in Imperial Russian Consular Service (St Petersburg, 1909). The article gives three reasons for the view that his body of work deserves to be brought into the scholarly domain. First, it pointed out the valuable insights that could be supplied by consuls (more valuable, in Geiking's view, than those of diplomats). Second, it drew in large measure on Geiking's first-hand knowledge of Britain's industrial north (whereas many representatives of foreign countries in Britain came to know only London and the surrounding counties). Third, Geiking was writing at a time of change in Anglo-Russian relations, when the two countries, perennially ambivalent about one another, started associating more closely in the wake of the Entente of 1907. Since, after Newcastle, Geiking served for eight years as Russian Consul-General in London, he was a not inconsiderable figure in the web of connections between Britain and Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century.     

Characterizing air pollution patterns on multiple time scales in urban areas: a landscape ecological approach

Quantifying the spatiotemporal patterns of air pollution in urban areas is essential for studying ecological processes, environmental quality, and human health in cities. To adequately characterize or monitor air pollution patterns, one important issue is scale because the concentrations of air pollutants are temporally dynamic and spatially heterogeneous. Our research addresses the scale issue in air quality monitoring and analysis by considering the following research questions: (1) How does the spatial pattern of ozone change with the temporal scale of analysis? (2) How does the spatial pattern of PM₁₀ change with the temporal scale of analysis? (3) What implications do these scale effects have for designing and evaluating air pollution monitoring networks? We systematically examined these questions based on data from official air pollution monitoring networks in the Phoenix metropolitan region, Arizona, USA. Our results showed that spatial patterns of both ozone and PM₁₀ may change substantially with the temporal scale of analysis. Ozone patterns at broader (but not finer) temporal scales were more consistent across years, and exhibited a more uniform, regionalized pattern. PM₁₀ patterns were less consistent across years than ozone, and exhibited a more localized effect. Spatial patterns of PM₁₀ also varied seasonally. Our study demonstrates that it is critically important to consider the temporal and spatial scales in designing or evaluating air monitoring networks in particular and in conducting air pollution research in general.     

From consensus to credibility

The development of consensual science has greatly influenced the international environmental negotiation processes. This is not least the case for the Convention on Long‐range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). Negotiators as well as regime analysts regard CLRTAP as a successful example of how scientists have succeeded in influencing international policy making through consensus‐building strategies. Drawing on Ulrich Beck's work on reflexive scientization and the concept of ‘stage management’ from the field of the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK), this paper critically analyzes the role of science in the regulation of transboundary air pollution. It discusses the consensus‐building strategies developed by scientists as well as contemporary strategies for making science matter in regulative work. It is argued that scientific credibility is crucial for attracting political and public attention, but that credibility does not necessarily have to be based on scientific consensus. The challenge for science is not so much to create consensus but to strengthen its credibility by elaborating new relations with its stakeholders.     

Indigenous internationalism: native rights and the UN

Abstract

Since 1982, with the creation of the Working Group on Indigenous Populations, the UN has taken steps toward addressing the violations of indigenous human rights around the globe that have characterized the colonization of indigenous peoples by western nations since the 15th century. This article explores the question of whether actions taken by the WGIP and other UN bodies promise to relieve this legacy; or whether the UN, as the proper overseer of international law concerning human rights today, continues that legacy in revised form, as some analysts have claimed. A brief overview of positions taken by key figures in the history of international law concerning indigenous peoples since the early 16th century provides a background against which to compare the work of the UN. My conclusion is that while the UN has in some ways sustained the inherited order of neglect of indigenous rights, it has, more importantly, created openings which make it possible for indigenous peoples to assert their claims. While this is not a story of continuous progress, it does suggest that there is reason to respect the UN's efforts in this relentlessly neglected area of human rights.     

Freedom as self-transgression: transformations in the ‘governmentality’ of social work

This article takes as its starting point the growing prominence of what might be called ‘neo-philanthropic’ forms of knowledge in social work during recent years. Inspired by Foucault's concepts of genealogy and governmentality, the article presents an historical analysis including eighteenth century poor policies, philanthropy in the late nineteenth century, welfare planning in the 1960s and the emergence of neo-philanthropic social work from the 1980s onwards. The article argues that the recent rediscovery of concepts and techniques invented by late nineteenth-century philanthropy breaks with traditional welfarist forms of knowledge and practices of social work. As a result, it seems that social work is now to foster new kinds of subjects and create new types of communities. This development indicates that a more profound transformation of the welfare state and its conception of citizenship might be taking place.

The article draws upon the PhD thesis entitled The Genealogy of Social Work: The Struggle to Turn the Poor and Marginalized into Free Persons by the author.     

Online amplification of air pollution risk perception: the moderating role of affect in information

This study investigates the amplification effect of the Internet on Chinese people’s air pollution risk perception. Analyses are based on data collected from a sample of Internet users in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou (N?=?328). This study assumes that the characteristics of online information ? availability of information and affect in information ? will significantly contribute to the increase in air pollution risk perception. Results of path analysis indicated marginal significance of the effect of information availability on air pollution risk perception. Regarding the influence of affect in information, results showed that information including appeals to affect significantly increased perceived risk of air pollution; meanwhile, it also functioned as a moderator that significantly increased the strength of the causal relationship between information availability and risk perception. Findings of this study suggest that strategies for appropriately amplifying risk perception such as using heuristics may contribute to promoting public awareness of risks as well as encouraging public participation in the social effort to tackle risks.     

CULTURAL STUDIES IN GERMANY REVISITED

By drawing upon the insights of the Bakhtin Circle, this paper explores the extent to which the public sphere can open up possibilities for resistance to dominant social relations through ‘traces of meaning’. The author wishes to show how a public space for execution in seventeenth and eighteenth century London opened up a place at different levels of abstraction for a popular plebeian public sphere to flourish. When this public sphere disappeared in 1783, it is shown how its traces of meaning still survived in popular culture. These traces of meaning were re-combined through a royal crisis by more political labouring movements in the early nineteenth century that, in the main, unintentionally re-accentuated the same seventeenth- and eighteenth century-public space in London. By exploring the changing form of this public sphere it is shown how a dominant discourse changes over time and how this dominant discourse can be rendered in the words of Mikhail Bakhtin as ‘heteroglossic’ and refracted into modes of public resistance in specific spaces. To demonstrate this, the ideological form of the public sphere in early nineteenth century Britain is outlined and is then shown how it became refracted within the royal scandal which, in turn, came to be refracted within a specific space in London.