生活、关系、空间:城市社区融合共建的三维逻辑——基于上海市D社区的案例研究

十九大报告指出,打造共建共治共享的社会治理格局,推进社会治理社会化、法治化、智能化、专业化。上海市D社区基于生活、关系、空间三维向度的城市社区融合共建某种意义上表明了当前社区建设的一种价值取向和行动回归,通过社区动员培育居民自治意识与自治能力,营造社区文化,深化关系联结,从而有效提升社区社会资本,推动社区多元主体整合,形成以基层情感治理为主线、以专业工作介入为手段、以社区文化建设为目标的城市社区整合共建的现实路径。     

上海加快形成社区共治与居民自治有效机制研究

上海推进社区共治和居民自治,在创新社会管理、优化公共服务、激发社会活力、重构社会秩序等方面取得了明显成效。但从与上海转型发展和现阶段社会发育格局的适应性,与社会管理体制创新和基层民主政治建设的新要求相比,还存在着不少差距,一些瓶颈问题急需破解,一些影响社区共治和居民自治深入推进的体制性、机制性障碍尚需突破。     

对社工服务机构参与社区居民自治的思考

社区居民自治是创新基层社会服务管理的重要内容.社会工作服务机构作为新型的社会组织,是推动社区居民自治的重要力量.新形势下,充分发挥社会工作服务机构的专业优势,在参与社区居民自治过程中增强居民参与意识、强化居民自治能力,对于健全基层群众自治机制、提升基层社会服务管理水平具有重要意义.     

城市社区建设中的居民自治研究述评

当前推进国家治理体系及治理能力现代化的进程中,在基层社区内形成民主管理,社区事务的治理以居民自治为主、多方参与,具有重要意义。通过整理我国城市社区居民自治的研究文献,从主体视角和机制视角分析了城市社区居民自治现状。概括了党政机关、自治组织和社区居民在居民自治中的不同作用,分析了社区居民自治中政治机制、法律机制和文化机制的作用。目前的居民自治研究主要从宏观着眼,为我国城市社区居民自治指明了道路,但具体的可操作的方法并不多。     

作为国家治理单元的社区——对城市社区建设运动过程中居民社区参与和社区认知的个案研究

本文分析了不同居民群体社区参与的具体过程,提出了4种参与类型:福利性参与、志愿性参与、娱乐性参与和权益性参与。通过对居民社区参与过程和社区认知的探讨,作者认为,社会转型和社区建设运动背景下的中国城市社区是为了解决单位制解体后城市社会整合与社会控制问题的自上而下建构起来的国家治理单元,而不是一个可以促进公共领域形成或市民社会发育的地域社会生活共同体。     

中国基层社区组织的变迁

本文从社会发展理论的新视角，理出了中国乡村和城镇基层社区组织沿革的梗概。着重阐述了改革开放以来，尤其是８０年代末以来，乡村的村民自治组织———村民委员会的选举、组织状况和功能；城镇基层社区居民自治组织———居民委员会的变迁；城乡基层居民自治组织与政权机构的衔接关系；目前正在中国城乡展开的文明社区建设和民众的社区发展参与，特别是直接民主选举和政治参与对中国民主政治建设的基础性作用和意义。本文参考并汲取了中国社会学和政治学界有关调查研究的最新成果。     

城市社区居民自治机制探索——以上海外滩社区(街道)建设为例

当前,城市基层社会管理体制从"单位制"向"社区制"发生变化,社会成员逐渐从"单位人"转向"社区人",基层社会的民主意识不断增强,基层群众的利益需求不断增多。上海外滩社区(街道)居民自治的发展思路是:完善基层自治的功能,找准居民自治的切入点;拓展基层自治的空间,推进居民自治的生长点;加强基层民主的建设,促进居民自治的增长点;适应基层社会的变迁,聚焦居民自治的关注点。     

城市社区治理的桥梁:社区大楼管理小组运作机制案例与启示

中国经济的高速增长推动了国家和社会的转型,社会治理的转型在所难免。其中的一条主线就是国家放权予社会,实现国家主导下的社区共治,进而实现自治。在此过程中,大量基层性中介组织得以出现,成为沟通国家和社会的重要纽带。以上海市B社区的大楼管理小组为例,揭示了建立在资源支持机制、协商议事机制、社区服务机制和社区认同培育机制基础上的大楼管理小组在电梯整修工作中是如何运作的。通过对案例进行总结,从5个不同方面对B社区的大楼管理小组治理实践进行了反思。如何实现该大楼管理小组的可复制和制度化,推进社区合作治理,是后续研究需要解决的重要问题。     

乡村治理共同体的建构与基层有效治理研究——基于广东顺德L镇S村的个案分析

社会治理共同体的建设离不开多元主体的共同参与。在乡村基层治理实践中,已有研究大多从宏观层面关注社会治理共同体的内涵、建设困境和建设路径,而本文从流动中国治理、活力中国建设的视角出发,对广东省顺德L镇S村乡村治理共同体建设的案例进行整体研究,发现通过利益联结机制、公共规则生产机制、多元主体吸纳机制以及情感整合机制,能推动基层政府、村集体组织、普通村民、流动人口等不同主体协作共治,并在共治的过程中发挥不同主体的功能优势,形成具有价值共识与情感认同的乡村治理共同体。     

加强社区治理体系建设 推动社会治理重心向基层下移

加强社区治理体系建设,推动社会治理重心向基层下移,需要加强党委领导、发挥政府主导,鼓励和支持社会各方面参与,以及挖掘社区工作者的智慧和才能,方能实现政府治理和居民自治的良性互动,政府主导和多元参与的共建共治共享格局。     

从上海实践分析居民自治的环境和路径

上海居民自治的大量活动案例表明,组织化、项目化、个案化是其主要的阶段性特征。如何将局部的、阶段性的自治典型案例,朝着普遍的、覆盖社区生活全过程的方向推进,是当前完善基层治理、促进社区和谐稳定的迫切需求。近期现实可行的增强居民区自治功能的主要对策,一是将社工站的职责定位为协助居委会开展自治为主,而非承接行政事务为主,减轻居民区工作班子的过重负担,并改革对居委会的考核机制,形成有利于其集中精力开展自治的外部环境;二是提升居民区工作人员整体素质,区分不同性质,吸引更多具有组织协调和宣传动员能力的居民,通过选举或聘用成为居委会成员或专职党务工作者、社工,形成能够普遍有效组织居民开展自治的工作骨干队伍;三是有序培育社区服务型的社会组织,给予居民区楼组、社区文体活动团队、社区公益型社会组织进一步的支持,夯实居民自治的群众基础。     

论城市社区居委会自治性的成长——对南京市L社区议事园几个实践案例的考察

城市社区居委会,作为社区治理的重要主体,因过度行政化对其自治性造成的挤压一直是学界关注的热点,而对居委会是否具有自治性多持否定意见。我们通过观察南京市鼓楼区几个社区的治理实践,发现尽管居委会的过度行政化倾向依然普遍存在,但与此同时,社区居委会作为具有自主意志的独立行动者,在受行政力量掣肘的同时,也在力图彰显自身的独立性和向民性,居委会的自治性明显在成长。并且,兼有＂官-民＂二重性的居委会,在实践中不断探索其作为自治主体的行动策略;而社区议事园这一社区参与机制,则为居委会自治性的成长提供了良好的实践平台;政府从诸多社区管理事务中不断后撤,又为居委会自治性的成长提供了基本空间。     

Incorporation and Gated Communities in the Greater Metro-Los Angeles Region as a Model of Privatization of Residential Communities

ABSTRACT

The privatization of urban public space has accelerated through the closing, redesign, and policing of public parks and plazas, the development of Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) that monitor and control local streets and parks, and the transfer of public air rights for the building of corporate plazas ostensibly open to the public. In the suburbs, privatization also takes the form of conservation easements that restrict access to public lands, the creation of shopping malls and new town centers relocated within these private commercial developments, and the building of gated residential communities. Accompanying this expansion of private interests are changes in strategies of governance and regional differences in how local governments and residents are encouraging private encroachment on public space. This article focuses this third set of privatization practices by discussing how gated communities manipulate municipal and town planning laws to control public space and tax dollars. To accomplish this task, I discuss the emergence of gated communities as a new form of privatization of urban/suburban space and then tease out the legal and institutional underpinnings of this spatial governance. The geography of gated communities in greater metro-Los Angeles region and their use of the strategy of incorporation to capture public taxes for private use is employed as a model for understanding the future of gating in the United States. The Los Angeles model is then compared to current gating patterns in urban and suburban gated communities in New York and Texas. These manipulations of private land use controls in the United States are not necessarily new, but with gating there is an accelerating trend away from governmental and public control of land use toward an increased reliance on privately created controls. The consequences of this shift toward privatization of land use control is an impoverishment of the public realm and access to public resources, especially public space.     

从政府主导到社会主导：城市基层治理单元的再造——以新加坡社区发展为参照

在基层群众自治中,社区作为城市基层治理的基础单元,社区的治理和发展已成为城市治理的重要组成部分。目前我国城市社区建设的实践经验仍显不足,社区自主性和政府治理功能的发挥,有待进一步健全和完善,社区的自主性还不强。本文基于对新加坡社区的发展和建设过程的考察,从而讨论和归纳新加坡城市社区治理的模式转换及其特点,新加坡政府推动之下社区力量的崛起、社会自主性的转换是城市基层治理的主要特点。新加坡在社区治理方面积累的丰富的经验教训,对于推动我国城市社区治理的完善和发展,具有现实而直接的借鉴价值。     

Monstrosities and moral publics

Interdisciplinary scholarship on neoliberal urban governmentality has been attentive to the knowledges and techniques of government currently emerging at the interface of local state politics and invested claims of voluntary private actors such as corporate partners and philanthropic agencies. This article draws attention to the workings of the aesthetic as an epistemological grounding for the rationalization of urban rule. Specifically, I explore a Toronto, Canada-based philanthropic agency’s reliance on a mise-en-scene of urban terror to animate its own self-validated knowledges about targeted inner-suburban subjects and spaces. In their circulation and demand for public address, the agency’s graphic public service announcements, launched in 2007, herald what I argue is a moralized set of knowledges about municipal renewal that has its own normative orientations grounded in a neoliberal political rationality, and tangentially, in racialized security imperatives. I detail various dimensions of the social life of a video associated with this public service campaign targeting ‘youth at risk’, considering the ethical, political and economic valences it was expected to convey; its semiotic exchange with other images and representations of disenfranchised spaces, subjects and communities; and the publics it attempted to interpellate. Importantly, given the agency’s current standing as a prominent player in Canadian urban policy arenas, I pay analytical attention to the visual campaign as a site for the production of knowledges about proper urban citizenship and social governance, and as such, a strategic-orienting device for urban policy interventions and directives.     

选举后的治理问题:困境及缓释之道——基于上海城市社区的调查分析

民主决策、民主管理和民主监督都是社区治理的重要内容。当前,上海城市社区建设总体情况良好,但依旧存在选举后的治理难题。要针对社区治理难题,提升社区治理绩效,必须构建民主合作型社区治理体制,还应健全社区内部治理、拓展社区外部环境、充分发挥政府的主导作用、优化公共服务体制等,重视理顺政社关系,合理架构社区内部的组织关系。     

Collective Identity and Memory: A Comparative Analysis of Community Response to Environmental Hazards

Research has explored the ways in which communities respond to local polluting facilities. In some cases, residents mobilize to confront corporate and state polluters, whereas in other cases residents remain quiescent in the wake of documented environmental threats. The variation in community response is often linked to demographic variables, including age, gender, education, and length of residence; yet cultural factors remain largely unexamined. We examine how cultural factors such as community identity and memory mitigate the relationship between community residents and polluting facilities. We present a comparative study of two heavily polluted communities—Blackwell, Oklahoma, and Cañon City, Colorado—that had divergent responses to contamination. The data for these cases come from in‐depth interviews with community residents and various officials (N = 105), content analyses of newspaper coverage and relevant organization documents, and direct observation of meetings and organizing activities. Our findings indicate that cultural factors play a critical role in understanding the relationship between local residents and polluting facilities. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for future research on rural communities and environmental contamination.     

Participatory Art as a Social Practice of Commoning to Reinvent the Right to the City

The right to the city is a concept that helps rethink spatial–social dynamics, which has recently reinvigorated the field of organization studies. Following Lefebvre and considering the failure of both the market and the state, other scholars pinpoint the need to rethink social–spatial and geographical–historical relations. They do so by theorizing the city as a host for urban commons. Collective and non-commodified, these spatial–social experiences need to be constantly reproduced and preserved through commoning practices in the struggle against spatial injustice. A case study shows that a civil society organization (CSO) uses participatory art to (re)produce urban commons at the level of a local community and to redress partially spatial injustice. We theorize participatory art-making as a social practice of commoning, i.e., a process of organizing for the commons—collective art-based activities to serve a community—and of the common—to (re)produce a community while performing them. Such commoning practices are not only about sharing urban resources but also about using and experiencing differently urban spaces. By making participatory artworks in public spaces and co-designing street furniture with residents of poor areas, TDA helps to better cope with the tensions between residents and local authorities and between amateurs and professional artists. By negotiating the long-term implementation of these creative artworks in the public space with public authorities, TDA has fostered the empowerment of inhabitants as they have experienced citizens’ reappropriation of some public spaces in Marseille.     

Unofficial Hanoians: Migration,Native Place and Urban Citizenship in Vietnam

Independent migration to Hanoi has surged dramatically over two decades of deepening market reforms, blurring the distinctions between urban and rural lives once maintained so carefully by the Communist Party of Vietnam. However many urban migrants face ongoing legal and social obstacles in Hanoi, tied to an outmoded system of household registration (ho khau), and widespread anxieties about the ‘floating population’ threatening to overwhelm the city. This article shows how one group of ‘unofficial Hanoians’—migrant motorbike taxi drivers from Nam Dinh Province—navigate a system of differentiated urban citizenship by forging communities and mutual assistance networks around shared ‘native places’ (que huong) to find employment, housing and social support in the city. It also reveals how Hanoi's marginal urban spaces—home to entrenched migrant communities of ambiguous legality—emerge as key arenas in the negotiation of Vietnamese citizenship, forcing national leaders, city officials, landlords and residents to grapple with questions of free movement and the rights of rural citizens to transgress urban space.