台湾高山族的人口问题

台湾的原住少数民族在清朝称为“番族”。现在我们概称为高山族,有的著作称为台湾土著族、先住民。台湾当局称为山地山胞,简称山胞,又分为山地山胞和平地山胞。 台湾高山族现有约40万人。包括:散居西部平原的平埔人约10万人;中部山区和东部纵谷平原的泰雅人、赛夏人、布农人、曹人、排湾人、鲁凯人、卑南人、阿美人,以及兰屿雅美人,有29万多人。在祖国大陆     

台湾高山族人口问题综述

台湾少数民族———高山族同胞半个世纪来的生存状况有了很大的改善和变化 ,但与汉族居民的总体状况仍存在着巨大的差异 ,台湾执政当局的所谓“原住民政策”的诸多弊端在世纪之末越发地凸显出来 ,为此台湾社会科学界的有识之士提出了不少见解。     

达斡尔族人口文化素质略论

<正> 我国北方少数民族之一的达斡尔族,为一千多年前建立过辽王朝的契丹族后裔,现在有10万多人口,主要聚居在内蒙古自治区东北部莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗、鄂温克族自治旗和黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市郊区。就国内各民族比较而言,达斡尔族人口的文化素质是相当高的。据1982年人口普查资料计算,每千人所拥有的大学文化程度人数,达斡尔族为15.8人,居全国56个民族的第7位,仅次于塔塔尔族,高山族,赫哲族,俄罗斯族,乌孜别克族和朝鲜族。比其邻族蒙古族(8.1人)高出近1倍,超过汉族(6.2人)1.5倍多。其在业人口中各类专业技术人员占     

整顿治理流动人口超生现象的思考

本文站在创建人口计生工作新机制的角度,系统论述了整顿治理流动人口超生现象的思路和对策。首先,明确指出了当前我国流动人口超生现象的表现和危害;其次,深刻分析了造成流动人口违法超生的原因和因素;最后,详细论述了有效控制流动人口违法超生现象的思路和举措。     

在创新中促进人口长期均衡发展——专访西安市人口计生委党组书记、主任倪广天

计划生育做为我国的一项基本国策已经实行了三十多年。三十多年来,作为省会城市的西安市,人口计生工作得到了长足的发展,迈进了崭新的历史时期。如何在新的形势下不断创新,促进人口长期均衡发展,本刊在近日专访了西安市人口和计划生育委员会党组书记、主任倪广天,以期和广大读者采分享西安市的实践和经验。本刊记者:倪主任,您好!您在人口计生委工作了十个年头了。这十年,正是人口和计划生育工作转型时期。您对转型前后的人口和计划生育工作怎样看待?     

经济发达地区“剩女”群体状况初步分析——以广东省为例

根据广东省1982-2010年历次人口普查和人口抽样调查数据,文章描述了30-49岁"剩女"的基本特征,并初步分析了教育和职业对"剩女"比例的影响。经济和社会的发展,提高了女性受教育的机会,进而提供了女性职业发展机会,在这种情况下,女性的婚姻得到了推迟。"剩女"的规模和比例越来越高。     

孩次性别递进人口发展模型及孩次性别递进指标体系

文章以生育率下降和出生性别比升高为背景,创立了孩次性别递进理论和方法。作者以全新的理念和形式建立了孩次性别递进人口发展模型及其指标体系,详细介绍了计算步骤和分析过程,概述了它们在人口统计分析中的应用。     

六普结果表明以往人口估计和预测严重失误

文章以六普人口年龄结构为标准,模拟过去20年人口进程及其主要人口指标,然后与其他来源的人口指标进行了比较和分析。根据六普结果可以判断,1990～2010年间的人口估计和预测存在的普遍问题是高估了出生人口数量,高估了生育水平,高估了人口增长,从而低估了人口老龄化程度。研究发现,由于高估出生和生育水平而导致的过分的统计调整,造成的偏差幅度甚至远远超过了原始调查统计的偏差,形成了严重的误导。这种状况反映出多年来人口统计上的迷茫,思想认识脱离实际。     

重温90年光辉历程 续写人口发展华章

中国共产党90年的历史,既是一部为民族独立、国家繁荣、人民幸福而不懈奋斗的历史,也是一部自身不断成长、发展壮大、走向辉煌的光荣历史。在新民主主义革命时期,我们党紧紧依靠和紧密团结全国各族人民,历经艰苦卓绝的革命斗争,推翻了帝国主义、封建主义、官僚资本主义的反动统治,实现了民族独立和人民解放,建立了新中国。在社会主义革命和建设时期,我们党团结和带领人民确定了社会主义基本制度,建立了独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系,中国以崭新的姿态屹立在世界的东方。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新的历     

劳动就业转型与中国失业率时空变迁

1990年至2000年中国失业率的空间格局发生了很大变化,初步形成了失业率区域分布的“带”、“串”和“圈层”结构。这与我国1990年代的快速市场转型有关,也与工业化和城市化密切相关。多元回归分析表明,市场化变量和工业化变量对于失业率的变迁具有显著影响,不同地区劳动参与率和就业率的变化以及就业的产业结构变化。导致失业率的地区分布出现了很大差异。进一步的讨论认为,失业率的空间变迁反映了中国社会变迁代价的空间分布和社会不平等在整个中国和特定区域的扩大。     

Population problems of the Gaoshan minority in Taiwan]

The Gaoshan minority constitutes about 2% of Taiwan's population, and the total Gaoshan minority is estimated to have a population of 400,000. Most of them live on the island's west coast, in the central mountains, and eastern valleys. The birth rate of the Gaoshan minority is slightly higher than that of the average population, but its death rate is about two to three times above average. From 1949 to 1979, the population growth rate for the Gaoshan minority was about 79%. Close to 97% of the population is made up of young people and only 3% are old people. There are more males than females, and the age for marriage is generally young. The timespan of childbearing for the female is comparatively long. The educational and cultural levels of the Gaoshan minority are low. Most of the people earn their living by engaging in agriculture, together with additional activities in fishing and hunting; approximately 75% of the working people belong to this category. Only 14% are people who are working in industry, mining, commerce, and the transportation business. About 11% work in other professions. In recent years, the average income from agriculture and animal husbandry has gradually decreased, and the income from industrial wages and business has shown an obvious increase.     

Probing Folk Happiness in Taiwan

This paper examines Taiwan’s folk happiness, which means the subjective well-being of the common people. Subjective well-being of people refers to the judgments people make about their life satisfaction or happiness. Such judgments may include their satisfaction of life as a whole (global life satisfaction) or of specific aspects of life (domain satisfaction). Based on survey data from a large sample, the life satisfaction of people is investigated in two aspects—people’s personal life and their perceived conditions of living in Taiwan, respectively presented as personal well-being and national well-being or societal well-being. The meanings of the well-being findings are interpreted against the socio-political environment of Taiwan. The paper also examines the socio-demographic aspects, including gender, age, marital status, education, income, religion of the folk happiness of Taiwan. It is found that people in Taiwan are moderately happy.     

“台干”的文化调适与群体认同研究——以珠三角地区的“台干”为例

“台干”是上世纪九十年代伴随台资企业西进热潮来到中国大陆工作的特殊群体,他们跟随台资企业的老板来大陆打工,以谋求更高收入和更好的发展。本文在“台干”选择来大陆工作的经济动因基础上,主要依据对其日常生活的了解,从文化调适角度,探讨“台干”在大陆的适应性问题。同时,本研究亦发现,“台干”同大陆人在日常生活中的亲密接触,也促成了“台干”们群体认同的某些转变。本研究对于促进台资企业在大陆的良好发展,促进两岸关系进步具有一定的参考价值。     

Population growth and poverty in the developing world

The links between rapid population growth and the absolute poverty currently affecting 780 million people in the developing countries (excluding China and other centrally planned economies) were examined. Absolute poverty is defined as having less than the income necessary to ensure a daily diet of 2150 calories per person ($200 per person a year in 1970 United States dollars). Focus is on poverty and demography in the developing world (defining poverty; income, fertility and life expectancy; demographic change and poverty), effect of poverty on fertility, family planning programs and the poor, and the outlook for the future. Rapid population growth stretches both national and family budgets thin with the increasing numbers of children to be fed and educated and workers to be provided with jobs. Slower per capita income growth, lack of progress in reducing income inequality, and more poverty are the probable consequences. Many characteristics of poverty can cause high fertility -- high infant mortality, lack of education for women in particular, too little family income to invest in children, inequitable shares in national income, and the inaccessibility of family planning. Experience in China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Colombia, Korea, Sri Lanka, Cuba and Costa Rica demonstrate that birthrates can decline rapidly in low income groups and countries when basic health care, education, and low-cost or free family planning services are made widely available.     

Education Expansion, Educational Inequality, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Taiwan, 1976–2003

The expansion of higher education in Taiwan starting from the late 1980s has successfully raised the average level of education. Using the concept of the education Gini, we find that the educational inequality declined as average schooling rose during the period of 1976–2003. The impacts of a rising average schooling and a declining educational inequality are also tested empirically in this paper. The evidence supports that a higher level of average schooling will generate a lower income inequality. On the other hand, a lower educational inequality, as measured by education Gini coefficient, will also cause a lower income inequality. Skill-biased technological change that shifts the labor demand from unskilled workers toward skilled workers is the most likely cause for the rising income inequality in Taiwan. However, the trend of rising income inequality could be reversed due to possible future over-education and unemployment in the labor market.     

Child mortality and fertility: public vs private education

How does the effect of child mortality reductions on fertility and education vary across educational systems? To answer this question, we develop an overlapping-generations model where altruistic parents care about both the number and human capital of their surviving children. We find that, under a private education system, if income is low initially, the economy converges to a Malthusian stagnation steady state. For a high level of initial income, the economy reaches a growth path in which children’s education rises and fertility decreases with income. In the growth regime under private education, exogenous shocks that lower child mortality are detrimental for growth: fertility increases and education declines. In contrast, under a public education system, the stagnation steady state does not exist, and health improvement shocks are no longer detrimental for growth. We therefore offer a new rationale for the introduction of public education.     

The population structure and development of the national minorities in Guangxi]

The Guangxi Autonomous Region has the largest number of minorities in China. Since 1949, great progress has been achieved in the areas of politics, the economy, culture and education, public health, science and technology, and production businesses. The living standard for the minorities as been raised, and the minority populationshows a trend toward rapid growth. As a matter of fact, the population growth for the minorities exceeds that of te Han people, and an imbalance exists in the population growth of minorities. Population growth does not match the development and production of material resources. The rapid population growth has an adverse impact on the increase in average income and an adequate supply of consumer goods for all the people. In addition, great pressure has been experienced in education, public health, and other developments at the local level. The promotion of population quality for the minorities has also been slowed because of the rapid population growth in quality. At the present time, minorities in the Guangxi area need to develop their economy with greater effort. In addition, they need to practice effective family planning measures with more enthusiasm so that they may gradually reduce the population growth rate and reach a harmony between economic growth and social development.     

Differential Impacts of Stressors on Sense of Belonging

A number of personal and familial stressors are supposedly stressful. However, their individual impacts on the person’s sense of belonging remain largely uncharted. The study thereby examines the impacts of the stressors in general and in relation to personal and familial background characteristics. Such examination adheres to the perspective of resource theory, which envisions that resources are salutary and relieving the stress of stressors by compensating for resource loss. A survey of 1,200 residents in Taiwan provided data for the examination. Results revealed that work-to-family conflict and family disbanding were two stressors weakening sense of belonging. Furthermore, the former stressor was more stressful to people of higher social class, whereas the latter stressor was more stressful to people with higher family income but lower education. The results imply certain ways to employ resources properly to tackle the stress of stressors.     

Income Dependency on Non-timber Forest Products: An Empirical Evidence of the Indigenous People in Peninsular Malaysia

The indigenous people have been identified to be among the poorest and the most socioeconomically and culturally marginalized people all over the world. The main purpose of the paper is to explore the socioeconomic and demographic factors of indigenous people in Peninsular Malaysia in context of poverty and the role of income dependency of non-timber forest products (NTFP). The data were collected in 2014 and 2015 through primary and secondary sources. Partial least squares (PLS) method was used to analysis the data. PLS is a modeling technique that features multiple regression and principal component analysis. The study shows that still a large number of indigenous households is involved in the NTFP activities. But the communities are moving away from NTFP based income to cash-crop based income because of poor sustainable forest management and lack of forest property rights. However, NTFP have a significant role in the household income and contribute 24% of the average income. Moreover, the analysis shows that location is significant to the poverty. There should be a suitable sustainable forest management system which can teach these indigenous communities about proper way of NTFP gathering and given proper rights to forest land. Furthermore, education is not significant to indigenous people and there is a high rate of school dropout among them. The government should introduce a different education system for indigenous communities which will emphasize the importance of education to them.     

The Quality of Life in Taiwan

The AsiaBarometer survey of 1,006 respondents shows that in Taiwan, people have access to modern utilities and digital media, signs of materialistic achievement, and yet are more concerned with physical security and financial safety than with personal growth. Regardless of their demographic backgrounds and value priorities, the Taiwanese, like other Confucian publics, are most satisfied with the interpersonal life sphere and least satisfied with the public life sphere. Their satisfaction levels concerning various life domains affect their sense of well-being more than does their prioritization of values. Assessments of material and nonmaterial life domains contribute to their sense of well-being more than those of interpersonal and public domains do. Access to modern utilities and a high income, however, detract from their sense of well-being. As is the case elsewhere, a better set of objective life circumstance does not necessarily make for a greater quality of life in Taiwan. The government, therefore, should seek to provide more than economic goods and services.