Marketization,occupational segregation,and gender earnings inequality in urban China

This article analyzes a large sample of the 2005 population mini-census data and prefecture-level statistics of China to investigate gender earnings inequality in the context of economic marketization, paying special attention to the changing role of occupational segregation in the process. We approximate marketization by employment sectors and also construct an index of marketization at the prefecture level. Results show that, despite the tremendous economic growth, marketization has exacerbated gender earnings inequality in urban China's labor markets. Gender earnings inequality is the smallest in government/public institutions, followed by public enterprises, and then private enterprises. The gender inequality also increases with the prefecture's level of marketization. Multilevel analyses show that occupational segregation plays an important role in affecting gender earnings inequality: the greater the occupational segregation, the more disadvantaged women are relative to men in earnings in a prefecture's labor market. Moreover, the impact of occupational segregation on gender earnings inequality increases with the prefectural level of marketization. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of gender earnings inequality and have important implications for policy to promote gender equality in urban China.     

From general discrimination to segmented inequality: Migration and inequality in urban China

Internal migration in China during the last three decades, the largest in human history, offers a rare opportunity to understand inequalities in the making. Using data spanning 10 years from China’s largest metropolis, Shanghai, this study assesses how enduring state institutions interplay with the spread of market forces to shape income inequality between migrants and native urban workers. Though the wages of both Chinese migrants and urban workers rose considerably, economic restructuring during the decade under study resulted in diminished privileges for urbanites and subsequently increased collision between migrants and urban workers in the private sectors. These shifts, rather than substantially reducing inequality, have led to an evolving form of inequality, from an initial general blatant discrimination against migrants across the board, to a new and more subtle form of inequality characterized by substantial segmented discrimination against migrants within economic sectors, with the degree of inequality varying from sector to sector. We discuss how this changing inequality reflects complementary rather than competing roles of the state and market institutions in inequality creation and maintenance.     

From institutional segmentation to market fragmentation: Institutional transformation and the shifting stratification order in urban China

Focusing on the changing roles of organizations, this study develops an institutional framework to examine the shifting stratification order since the mid-1990s in urban China. We argue that, after the mid-1990s, the Chinese state led a dual process of institutional transformation. On the one hand, the state dismantled the socialist redistributive system and broke down institutional segmentation based on organizational ownership and bureaucratic rank. On the other hand, the state developed different markets with various paces and strategies, resulting in fragmented market environments. In this context, reformed organizations interacted with heterogeneous market conditions to exert different impacts on multiple dimensions of social inequality. We draw empirical evidence from two national survey data collected in 1994 and 2003 during a critical period. Our findings show that the foundation of the stratification order has shifted from institutional segmentation to market fragmentation in urban China. This study calls for substantive institutional analysis to better understand the intricate landscape of social inequality in transitional economies.     

村庄的大转型

中国的村庄是有实质性意义的农村社会单位;因此,村庄的30年转型集中呈现了中国农村社会变迁的过程、特征与问题。本文把中国农村30年的变迁放在村庄与市场、与国家、与城市社会三大关系转变中加以考察,认为村庄正在经历从农业共同体到城乡社区衔接带之弱质自治社区的大转型;其主要涵义是指:(1)经济共同体转型——基于农业和农民半市场化、半受非市场化保护的政策环境,以及双层经营而农户经营实际上更受政策支持的经营环境,村庄从人民公社体制下的集体大队,转向具有不确定性的社区经济共同体。(2)治理共同体转型——基于村民自治的制度安排和地方性实践突破,村庄从国家的基层治理单位,转向国家与社会共同治理的单位,乡土性公共领域得到初步生长。(3)村庄作为农民社区的转型——从传统农业社区开始转向城乡社区衔接带的弱质端。而中国村庄是否有前途,既取决于国家、市场、城市对农村的态度,也取决于农村和农民对国家、市场、城市的态度。     

村委会在农村经济市场化中的角色

农村经济市场化作为统筹城乡发展的手段之一,被认为是有效突破制约农村经济发展瓶颈、解决＂三农＂问题的最根本途径。以两次调查①所得资料为基础,分别以农家乐市场和苹果产业市场的发展为例来分析村委会在农村经济市场化中的角色。通过分析得出：村委会现有的管理职能阻碍了农村经济市场化的进程。促进农村市场经济发展的当务之急是转变村委会职能,建立农村集体经济组织。     

大城市住房价格影响因素的动态分析

本文以状态空间的可变参数模型为分析视角,对1998-2010年南京市住房价格变动的影响因素进行实证分析。在多变量分析框架下,根据Kalman滤波法,运用样本空间为13年的时间序列数据对参数进行连续地估计,并对其波动进行了阶段性动态分析。实证结果显示:从空间状态模型来看,市场环境的改变,如城市地区生产总值、城镇居民可支配收入、房地产开发投资额、金融机构存款余额、利率的变化、预期的转变等,住房销售价格都会通过供给与需求的后续调整来得到表现。最后,本文针对实证分析结果提出了若干建议。     

Hurdles or walls? Nativity,citizenship, legal status and Latino homeownership in Los Angeles

Homeownership is directly and indirectly linked with many positive child, adult, and community-level outcomes. Prior research offers strong evidence that nativity and immigrants’ citizenship status shapes U.S. homeownership, but relatively little work has explored how immigrants’ legal status is connected with homeownership. This study draws from locational attainment and classic assimilation theories to develop hypotheses about sources of intra-Latino heterogeneity in homeownership. Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey data are used to contrast four distinct groups of Latinos: U.S. born natives, naturalized citizens, authorized non-citizens, and unauthorized non-citizens. Logistic regression results indicate baseline and residual variation in Latino homeownership based on immigrant citizenship and legal status. Of these, unauthorized non-citizens are the least likely to own their home. The results provide support for all three theoretical models, particularly the place stratification perspective. The results also point to the need for more housing studies that jointly examine citizenship and legal status.     

农民工住房态势及其政策框架

解决农民工住房问题对于我国经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。现阶段,农民工住房供给总体处于政府失灵和市场失灵并存的状态。解决农民工住房问题,应在遵循相应基本原则和总体思路的基础上,建立＂四位一体＂的住房保障体系,规范农民工住房租赁市场,完善农民工住房公积金制度、农民工住房补贴制度、财税支持制度、金融服务制度、土地供应制度和规划保障制度。解决农民工住房问题对于我国经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。现阶段,农民工住房供给总体处于政府失灵和市场失灵并存的状态。解决农民工住房问题,应在遵循相应基本原则和总体思路的基础上,建立＂四位一体＂的住房保障体系,规范农民工住房租赁市场,完善农民工住房公积金制度、农民工住房补贴制度、财税支持制度、金融服务制度、土地供应制度和规划保障制度。     

中国土地市场化水平地区差异分析

本文利用2003-2008年23个省(市、自治区)的数据、运用变异系数和泰尔指数分析土地市场化水平地区差异产生的原因,寻求促进区域土地市场发展的应对之策。研究结果表明,我国三大区域土地市场化水平存在极大的不平衡性,一级土地市场化水平省际间的差异越来越小,但农地非农化市场化水平省际间的差异却有所扩大。三大区域土地市场化水平的区域差异变化始终受区域内差异和区域间差异变化的共同影响,区域间差异对总体差异的贡献率小于区域内差异对总体差异的贡献率,对总体差异起决定性影响作用的是三大区域内部的差异。要提升我国土地市场化的水平,一要加大低市场化水平地区的土地制度改革力度,尤其是要加快西部土地市场化水平较低地区的改革步伐。二要强化农地非农化市场的建设,不断加大农地非农化市场化改革力度。     

西南地区城市保障性住房运行机制及其改进

我国西南地区保障性住房在缓解地区住房供需矛盾、改善城镇居民居住条件及推动城镇化建设等方面发挥着重大作用。同时,在其发展过程中也出现了中低收入者权益得不到切实保障、保障面过窄等问题。鉴于此．应进一步建立和完善管理机制、运作机制、房源保障机制、房源控制制度和运营机制,加快城乡二元体制改革步伐,大力发展住房二级市场,构建以政府为主体的住房保障金融体系。     

应对“城市病”：英国工业化时期的经历与启示

英国工业化时期的＂城市病＂问题主要因城市人口的急剧增加所致,集中表现为工人住房短缺、环境污染严重、流行疾病蔓延、社会治安混乱。在客观调研的基础上,英国政府在扩大住房供给、改善城市环境、加强社会治安方面采取了诸多措施,并取得一定成效。目前,中国正处于＂城市病＂爆发的高峰期,认识和反思英国的早期经历对我们有镜鉴作用。     

Public housing into private assets: Wealth creation in urban China

State socialist economies provided public housing to urban citizens at nominal cost, while allocating larger and better quality apartments to individuals in elite occupations. In transitions to a market economy, ownership is typically transferred to existing occupants at deeply discounted prices, making home equity the largest component of household wealth. Housing privatization is therefore a potentially important avenue for the conversion of bureaucratic privilege into private wealth. We estimate the resulting inequalities with data from successive waves of a Chinese national income survey that details household assets and participation in housing programs. Access to privatization programs was relatively equal across urban residents in state sector occupations. Elite occupations had substantially greater wealth in the form of home equity shortly after privatization, due primarily to their prior allocations of newer and higher quality apartments. The resulting gaps in private wealth were nonetheless small by the standards of established market economies, and despite the inherent biases in the process, housing privatization distributed home equity widely across those who were resident in public housing immediately prior to privatization.     

城镇居民信息消费对产业结构影响的实证研究——以重庆市为例

信息消费作为新兴消费方式,对产业结构升级转型存在何种影响,成为亟待研究的课题.文章以重庆市为研究对象,引入产业结构高级化率,先进行协整分析从整体上验证两者之间是否存在均衡关系,再运用投入产出理论,通过诱发系数深入探究信息消费对产业结构升级影响的机理.研究结果显示:重庆市城镇居民信息消费与产业结构高级化率之间整体存在着长期均衡的正向关系,对产业结构转型升级具有推动作用,究其原因是信息消费对第三产业部门和第二产业中的战略性新兴产业部门的生产诱发效果显著高于其他产业,且其对重庆市战略性新兴产业发展的推动作用要高于居民消费.因此,发展城镇居民信息消费更有利于推动产业结构转型升级.     

城市竞争力和地产价格——上海市住宅建筑发展分析

近段时期业界人士、学者和政府官员对近年来国内房地产市场价格持续上升是否是“房地产泡沫”一说存在很大争议。本文针对这一现象 ,选择上海市住宅市场具体分析该市住宅的建筑与销售面积、住宅投资额及其来源、存量房结构及其交易量、基础设施投资额、房产公司当年收入来源、人均收入增长率等一系列指标 ,综合考察上海住宅市场的发展过程。我们认为 ,上海住宅市场基本是一个结构不断优化、面向大众消费者并已处于稳步繁荣的良好局面 ,而这一判断基本排除了上海住宅市场存在泡沫的可能性。同时究其根源 ,这一稳步繁荣的局面是以上海在长江三角洲地区进而全国的城市竞争力为基础的。本文最后对保持上海独特的城市竞争力和推动住宅市场的稳步繁荣提出了几点政策建议     

解读经济市场化的三个维度——兼论中国市场秩序完善的内在机理与基本思路

中国以社会主义市场机制为体制目标的改革进程已经进入强化市场竞争秩序为主的新阶段。学术研究迫切需要突破经济市场化的逻辑理路与内在机理等重大问题。首先,需要澄清作为"规则集"的制度与作为"事物存在的一种可识别的可欲状态"的秩序是两个不同的理论分析概念,秩序分析方法涵盖制度分析;其次,需要明确经济市场化有其三个秩序维度——经济秩序、法律秩序与社会秩序,其本质上是三种秩序相互依赖、整体互动、协同演进的历史动态过程。单从经济秩序维度来看,中国的市场化进程带有明显梯度、层次推进特征;而深层原因则是法律与社会两种秩序发育的明显滞后。随着改革的不断深化、经济体系中深层矛盾的出现以及世界经济竞争加剧,中国经济市场化进程很可能出现各种秩序协同演变的局面。因此,从经济市场化三个秩序维度整体推进改革的视角,来探讨中国市场体系完善的原则性思路和建议,意义重大。     

中国公民社会的先声——以业主委员会为例

一般说来 ,国家、公民社会与市场是任何一个完整社会中三足鼎立的三个独立领域。每一个领域都有其行动的独特逻辑 :国家是等级权力的逻辑 ,市场是盈亏逻辑 ,公民社会是自愿主义的逻辑。中国改革开放、特别是 2 0世纪 90年代以来社会经济结构的巨大转型 ,在城市住宅小区中出现了业主委员会 ,它是一个居民自治组织 ,业主对自己的利益和社区的公共事务更加关心和主动参与 ,业主和业主委员会最主要的工作就是面对物业管理公司的抗议活动 ,维护业主的权益 ,业主委员会积极参与公共领域的讨论。这一切初步体现了公民社会的主要属性 ,堪称中国城市公民社会的先声     

关于我国公共服务市场化若干问题的分析

公共服务市场化反映了公共服务供给领域政府职能的调整和市场价值的回归,就其内涵而言,我国公共服务市场化应该包括目标和手段两个方面。通过对我国公共服务市场化的阻力和动力作进一步分析,可以得出我国公共服务市场化改革的有效对策组合。     

阶层位置与对不平等的态度——关于国企工人阶层的不平等问题研究之一

改革开放以来,随着国企市场化改革的不断深入,既有分配体系的不完善极大影响了国企工人的生活境遇。在社会背景以及拥有的权利资源方面,国企工人不占据优势,相反在市场竞争中逐渐处于劣势。满足个体的需要,是社会正义的一个基本原则,否则个体的正义感难以形成。在经济不平等与政治不平等都极不利于国企工人阶层时,他们只有选择抗拒不平等。     

继续坚持中国改革开放的市场化道路

经过三十年的改革开放,中国发生了巨大变化,实现这一变化的最主要原因是自由的扩大,即人们开始有权通过市场化的方式生产自己的财富.中国的改革开放之所以取得成功,主要原因就在于不再局限于以前的劳动价值观,而是实实在在地看到了市场怎样使人致富.市场以交换为特征,所以对中国改革的理论总结应当集中在交换创造财富上.中国下一步改革开放的重点,应当继续坚持走市场化的道路,进一步深化社会主义市场经济体制改革,加强构建社会的平等与和谐,从而尽早实现中国的现代化强国建设目标.     

高校学报数字化运营存在的问题及对策

数字化对高校学报发展产生系统性、革命性的冲击,它改变了高校学报传统的制作消费方式,推动了高校学报的市场化运营;但是,受转企改制进程的影响,我国高校学报还存在数字化运营模式单一、市场竞争力不强大等问题,造成高校学报学术影响力不高、经济与社会效益不明显。必须积极探索高校学报数字化运营之道,以促进学术期刊和学术研究的发展。当务之急,是要解决好几个方面的问题：转变观念意识,树立为读者服务的办刊理念;利用自身优势,解决数字化人才匮乏难题;创新办刊模式,全方位数字化经营学报;转变管理职能,通过市场化手段管理学报。需要政府、主管主办单位、学报多方共同努力,构建符合我国高校学报发展特点的数字化运营模式。唯有如此,高校学报才能摆脱发展困境,实现专业化转型和体制创新,并且使具有中国特色的高校学报走出国门,在国际学术领域中占有一席之地。