Institutionalized collective action and the relationship between beliefs about environmental problems and environmental actions: A cross-national analysis

How do institutions affect the relationship between an individual's beliefs and their actions? Institutionalized strategies are routine ways of addressing problems that become taken-for-granted in a society. Environmental problems constitute a collective action problem in that personal consumption often conflicts with collective interests. I test whether beliefs about environmental problems have a different impact on a person's pro-environmental behaviors, depending on how addressing collective action problems is institutionalized in their society. In particular, I use level of welfare targeting as an observable, organizational difference among societies that reflects different institutionalized strategies for addressing a prominent collective action problem. I use multilevel models on data from the 2010 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) and measures of welfare targeting from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to answer this question. I find that in societies where the institutionalized strategy for dealing with inequality is highly targeted, individuals' beliefs that these problems are important, real, and whether they can do something about them have a greater impact on their actions. The results suggest individuals generalize taken-for-granted strategies of assuring collective welfare to implement their individual beliefs about the environment, making institutional environments important moderators of the strength of the belief-action relationship.     

Influence flows in the academy: Using affiliation networks to assess peer effects among researchers

Little is known about how influence flows in the academy, because of inherent difficulties in collecting data on large samples of friendship and advice-seeking networks over time. We propose taking advantage of the relative abundance of “affiliation network” data to assess aggregate patterns of how individual and dyadic characteristics channel influence among researchers. We formulate and test our approach using new data on 2034 faculty members at Stanford University over a 15-year period, analyzing different affiliations as potential influence channels for changes in grant productivity. Results indicate that research productivity is more malleable to ongoing interpersonal influence processes than suggested in prior research: a strong, salient tie to a colleague in an authority position is most likely to transmit influence, and most forms of influence are likely to spill over to behaviors outside those jointly produced by collaborators. However, the genders and institutional locations of ego-alter pairs significantly affect how influence flows.     

Assessing the effect of social desirability on nativism attitude responses

Attempts to measure and analyze public opinion attitudes toward racial/ethnic minorities often confront the “social desirability” problem: those who have prejudiced attitudes are rarely willing to admit them to surveyors. Instead, they may be more likely to give a socially acceptable answer rather an accurate reflection of their views. Previous research has clearly established that this effect presents a challenge for accurately measuring self-reported racial and policy attitudes that primarily affect African–Americans. It is less clear, however, how it might affect self-reported responses to attitudes dealing with Latinos and immigration. This study thus seeks to analyze the extent to which social desirability may affect survey measures of perceived levels of cultural threat (nativism). Results from two separate analyses using the Crowne–Marlowe “social desirability scale” and a survey “list experiment” demonstrate that social desirability is indeed a concern for accurately measuring nativism in the American public, but that it exerts an opposite effect from what has previously been observed: nativist attitudes tend to be over-reported in opinion surveys.     

乡村基督教教职人员的社会阶层分析--以浙南Y县X镇基督教为个案

基于现实,以及当前阶层分析中普遍忽视宗教职业者这一情况,以浙南X镇为个案,参照陆学艺教授关于中国社会转型期乡村社会阶层划分的成果,初步考察了该地教职人员的阶层分布。X镇基督教教职人员的分布基本遍及乡村社会的各阶层,尤以家庭小工厂主和个体工商户、私营企业主、农民知识分子、雇工以及私营企业管理者此五阶层为最。从中我们可以看出当地基督教的形式开放性和实质封闭性等特征。     

Reward interventions: A strategy to Erode social inequality?

Decades of research illuminates how status beliefs about socially significant characteristics, like gender, fundamentally alter expectations about individual's competence and worth. This process biases opportunity structures and resource distributions, thereby recreating social inequalities in a self-fulfilling fashion. Many social and organizational policies attempt to reduce inequality by increasing disadvantaged groups' access to valued rewards, such as prestigious alma maters, awards, and valued positions. In addition to meaningfully increasing resources, the status these rewards convey should also theoretically increase the status of the particular people who come to possess them. To know whether inversions to reward structures reduce social inequality, however, we must first demonstrate that the status value of rewards alone is an effective intervention. In an experimental test of interventions to gender status inequality, reward markers with relatively higher or lower status value were consistently or inconsistently associated with the gender of the participants' task partners. Results indicate that rewards intervened in the groups' gendered status hierarchy as participants were more likely to be influenced by their partners' rewards than their gender.     

Thumbs up for privacy?: Differences in online self-disclosure behavior across national cultures

This study investigates relationships between national-level culture and online self-disclosure behavior. We operationalize culture through the GLOBE dimensions, a set of nine variables measuring cultural practices and another nine measuring values. Our observations of self-disclosure come from the privacy settings of approximately 200,000 randomly sampled Facebook users who designated a geographical network in 2009. We model privacy awareness as a function of one or more GLOBE variables with demographic covariates, evaluating the relative influence of each factor. In the top-performing models, we find that the majority of the cultural dimensions are significantly related to privacy awareness behavior. We also find that the hypothesized directions of several of these relationships, based largely on cultural attitudes towards threat mitigation, are confirmed.     

Uneven transitions: Period- and cohort-related changes in gender attitudes in China, 1995-2007

This paper analyzes temporal variations in two gender attitudes in China: beliefs about gender equality and perspectives on women’s combined work and family roles. It uses the most currently available population series from the 1995, 2001 and 2007 World Value Surveys of 4500 respondents and a series of multilevel cross-classified models to properly estimate period and cohort effects. Attitudes toward women’s dual roles manifest neither period nor cohort effects; the population displays a universal high level of acceptance of women’s paid employment. Orientations toward gender equality manifest both cohort and period effects: members of the youngest cohort of both sexes hold the most liberal attitudes; the positive effect of college education has increased over time. Attitude toward gender equality in China displays neither a shift toward conservatism nor an over-time trend toward egalitarianism in 1995-2007, a time of rapid economic growth.     

对英语演讲中使用过渡词的认可情况调查

本文结合调查探究过渡词是否能促进听众对演讲内容的理解，调查结果显示听众和演讲者对演讲中使用过渡词都持肯定态度，进而强调教师在交际学或演讲学的教学中，应该适当强调过渡词的用法和功能。     

关于“重叠共识”的“重叠共识”

重叠共识是罗尔斯为处理当今社会如何在多样性的基础上达成一致意见、协调行动和稳定秩序的问题而提出的重要概念。可以区分出重叠共识的几个不同层次:持不同观点的人们都以合理的态度彼此相待;基于不同价值的人们从各自角度出发或通过采纳彼此视角而支持共同的规范;以及目前持有不同观点和立场的人们,努力寻求未来的彼此理解乃至视域融合。重叠共识不仅是一个理论问题,而且是一个实践问题;重要的是不仅在政治哲学中讨论重叠共识,而且在政治文化中寻找重叠共识,尤其是在政治实践中构建重叠共识。但不能因此把重叠共识的有效性问题归并为它的事实性问题,而要把政治实践建立在实践主体的合理商谈和自觉责任的基础之上。     

Are motherhood penalties and fatherhood bonuses warranted? Comparing pro-work behaviors and conditions of mothers, fathers, and non-parents

Research has confirmed a motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus at work. Employers, it appears, regard mothers and fathers differently from one another and differently from non-parents. We have yet to systematically explore whether mothers exhibit fewer pro-work behaviors than fathers and non-parents or whether fathers engage in more of them than mothers and non-parents. This article draws on nationally representative data from full-time employed adults to investigate mother, father, and non-parent differences in work effort, work intensity, job engagement, and four measures of work enhancement from home. Mothers and fathers are similar on five out of seven outcomes tapping pro-work dimensions. When they differ, mothers report greater job engagement and work intensity than fathers. Mothers are no different from non-parents on all outcomes. All findings hold net of individual, job, and family controls. I conclude that reducing workplace gender inequality will require organizational changes that pay explicit attention to workers’ care-giving responsibilities.     

工人对工会的“不满”——来自湖北省三家国有汽车企业的实证研究

本研究基于对于H省三家国有汽车生产企业512名职工的问卷调查和30名管理者、工会官员和工人的半结构访谈的基础上完成.文章描述了职工对于企业工会的总体评价;职工个人特征与其对工会不同评价的关系.尽管工人中明显存在着对工会的不满,但绝大多数工人认为工会是必要的.文章讨论了职工对工会不满的表现和他们对于工会的不同期望.文章提出,仅仅将工人组织进工会是不够的,只要满足工人的期望,工人才可以真正地"保持"在工会中.     

社会运动理论的演变理路：国家视角的再出发

现代社会运动本质上是民众为影响日益扩大的国家权力来实现自己的局部利益或影响一定社会变迁的一种集体行动。因而国家视角对于整体性把握社会运动理论意义重大,故以国家视角对社会运动研究文献进行系统回顾,来梳理社会运动理论的发展,并给出对国家视角兴起、衰落和回归历程的可能解释。在此基础上,社会运动研究对于中国国家转型的意义将不言自明。     

民族政治精英论

精英在社会生活中发挥着重要功能.其中政治精英掌握着重大决策权,其政治态度、政治行为、政治决策对政治发展方向和前景产生着重要的影响,并决定着政治活动的性质.在民族社会中,以民族领袖和政治家为代表的政治精英深谙民族文化精神,在很大程度上控制着民族政治体系的运作,能够直接或间接地影响整个民族的生存与发展方向.通过探讨民族精英的内涵以及民族政治精英的形成、特征、类型及其功能,可以清晰地了解和把握民族政治生活的基本规律.     

Competitive threat and temporal change in anti-immigrant sentiment: Insights from a hierarchical age-period-cohort model

The study focuses on over-time change in anti-immigrant attitudes across European societies and on the role played by cohorts in producing the change in attitudes. We assembled data from four waves of the European Social Surveys for 14 countries between 2002 and 2014. The data analysis is conducted within the framework of a hierarchical age-period-cohort model (HAPC) to estimate the dynamic relations between anti-immigrant sentiment and country's social and economic conditions, while taking into consideration variations across individuals and birth-cohorts. The analysis lends support to expectations derived from the ‘competitive threat’ theoretical model. The findings show that a higher share of non-European ethnic minorities in the country's population is associated with a higher level of ant-immigrant attitudes. Anti-immigrant sentiment was found to be more pronounced in the ‘old immigration countries’ than in the ‘new immigration countries.’ The impact of economic conditions on anti-immigrant sentiment becomes evident through the effect of cohort in the ‘new immigration countries’: cohorts that entered the labor market when the unemployment rate was high are likely to hold more negative attitudes toward immigrants.     

Understanding Americans' abortion attitudes: The role of the local religious context

Although abortion became legal over 40 years ago, Americans remain staunchly divided over its acceptability. Personal religious beliefs and behaviors have emerged as some of the most important factors shaping disapproval. Despite religion's importance, very little attention has been given to how the local religious context may shape views and abortion access. Using data from the General Social Survey (N = 6922) that has geographical identifiers, we examine the role of the local religious context for shaping attitudes and the presence of a county abortion clinic. We find that as the level of county religious engagement rises, religious and secular residents alike develop more conservative attitudes. Conversely, as the county Catholic rate increases, moderate and liberal Protestants become more prochoice. While the county conservative Protestant rate has no influence on residents' attitudes, it is the only religious contextual measure that shapes the likelihood that a county has an abortion clinic.     

The effects of religious contextual norms, structural constraints, and personal religiosity on abortion decisions

Researchers have established that individual religiosity influences abortion attitudes, and that abortion attitudes, in turn, shape abortion restrictions and access. Less clear is whether religion and abortion structural constraints influence abortion decisions. This study examines the several individual, contextual, and structural factors that could shape the abortion decisions of women who conceive before marriage. Special attention is given to the importance of academic aspirations and structural constraints, in contrast to religious beliefs and county religious context, for making an abortion decision. Hierarchical modeling techniques and two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) are employed. Neither generic religiosity nor conservative Protestant religious context appear to influence women’s abortion decisions. Conversely, young women’s abortion decisions are shaped by academic ambition, identification with a conservative Protestant denomination, proximity to an abortion clinic and the level of public abortion funding in their county of residence.     

作为社会基础设施的民生保障体系建设

现有"社会基础设施"概念,大多是指有形的或实体形态的基础设施,而无形的或非实体形态的基础设施,迄今仍未受到足够重视;把包括民生保障体系在内的作为现代社会支撑基础的制度性设施,纳入"社会基础设施"概念的定义域,既有现实意义又有学理依据。"社会保障"概念已有历史形成的固定模式,且侧重于社会保障类传统项目,未能涵盖或容纳民生领域诸多重要方面,难以应对由当代风险社会所催生的诸多重大民生保障议题。依据基本民生需求内在逻辑来界定的"民生保障"概念,无论从保障对象还是从保障内容来看,都是一种既全面又普遍的相对平等的保障;有必要对目前归口不同部门分管的各类民生保障事项,进行系统化的整合和制度设计,避免因条块分割而导致制度缺失或空隙,形成面向所有社会群体或全体国民的可普遍分享且相对平等的民生保障体系。受传统经济发展观甚或"GDP发展观"影响,我国在民生保障领域的财政投入份额长期偏低,且原本有限的投入大多花在各类"民生工程"或硬件设施上,它们只是民生保障的必要物质条件或载体,而各种非实体形态的制度性基础设施,才是民生保障体系的核心所在;应从现代社会重要基石或基础设施的意义上,重新审视民生保障体系建设的必要性和重要性,以及民生领域资源投入的生产性或创造性。     

西方经济投票理论的批判性考察

伴随我国基层民主的蓬勃开展,针对投票人投票意向和投票行为研究的重要性日益凸显,西方理论界20世纪中后期以来对选民投票分析倾注大量科研资源。本文即针对西方颇具影响力的经济投票理论展开全景性回顾和归纳性评述,在检视西方投票理论研究成果的基础上,以期返观内省提升扩展我国基层选举投票行为理论分析的高度和视野,为我国基层民主研究进一步深入提供理论支持。     

Emergence of diverse and specialized knowledge in a metropolitan tech cluster

Specialized knowledge is increasingly central in modern information- and technology-oriented economies, yet we know surprisingly little about how this knowledge is organized. We trace the evolution of specialized knowledge at both the individual- and network-levels by analyzing email exchanges shared among members of a large tech professional community in New York City over seven years. We find a shift over time toward the emergence of an increasingly specialized ecology of knowledge and information. This division of knowledge is driven by the influx of new cohorts of participants with different knowledge and interests than those already there. Yet, even as individual contributors increasingly sort into specialized niches, the community as a whole remains robust in its ability to address topics of diverse concern. This study illustrates how new sources of data enable us to see with greater clarity the structures underpinning modern knowledge-based innovation clusters.     

社会组织商业贿赂行为的特点、原因及其控制——以越轨社会学理论为分析视角

以商业行贿行为为主要表现形态的社会组织商业贿赂行为,是现代商业社会中最典型的越轨行为。其相对于一般自然人实施的商业贿赂行为,具有行为主体的组织性、行为意志的整体性、行为实施的双重性、行为利益的组织独占性、行为范围的限定性等特点。社会组织实施商业贿赂行为,与其理性选择有关,并深受商业场域及商业规则的影响,是社会交换的一种结果表现形态。对社会组织的商业贿赂行为,应通过建构相应的社会控制主体系统、法律系统、手段系统进行社会控制,以使其通过合法行为进行商事交易,成为其理性选择的结果。