日本 单身老女人兴起冥婚潮

据日本新华侨网报道,日本东京都府中市的公共墓地近日为单身女性开设“合葬”服务。为节省土地,也因惧怕死后孤独,日本老年女性当中的“冥婚”风潮悄然兴起。     

日本军国主义阴魂缘何久驻不散

日本军国主义阴魂缘何久驻不散马昌海５０年前日本军国主义发动的侵略战争，给亚洲人民造成了深重的灾难，其滔天罪恶罄竹难书。然而战后５０年来，日本朝野一些势力，对这段历史从不进行认真反省和道歉。七、八十年代日本成为世界经济强国以后，日本右翼势力更是处心积虑...     

民工潮缘何潮落又潮起?

“民工潮”潮落又潮起,已是几度春秋了。鸡年伊始,大潮涌动的“民工潮”再度绷紧了各地区、各部门的神经。有人说,“民工潮”是各种社会矛盾的聚焦点,它牵一发而动全身,可谓一语中的。“民工潮”这一巨大的客观存在是决不应当漠然视之的,它反映了许多深刻的东西。笔者三年前就曾撰文提出一个观点,即“民工潮”是跨地区的人口流迁现象,是在市场机制和计划配置双重规范下的历史大潮,实际上是生产要素动态配置的优化过程,即农村劳动力从边际劳动生产率和边际收益低的部门和地方流向或转向边际劳动生产率和边际收益高的部门和地方的过程。亦即,“民工潮”的性质不是盲流,而是潮流,虽然它不可避免地包括了一定比例的盲流人口。《瞭望周刊》(总475期)的有关报道支持     

日本的灾后重建缘何深陷财政困局

在国家的宏观经济运行中,财政与金融犹如一驾马车的两个轮子,缺一不可。尤其当国家遭遇巨灾时,更需要财政发力,尽快修复灾难带来的创伤,拉动国家经济走出灾难。然而,面对东日本大地震时,日本的财政却因深陷债务泥淖难以自拔,反倒成了拖延灾后重建的累赘。如何破解财政困局,既是当前日本面临的迫切课题,也是长期困扰日本的老大难问题。日本缘何深陷财政困境,更是值得深入研究和探讨的课题。     

日本的教育:美国是否可以照办?

合理安排教育和经济行为之间的关系决非易事,但是后来当我们和日本在工业上的竞争引起注意时,这个问题就经常被提及.日本在输出方面的高超本领在社会、文化和经济方面已悄悄地形成了对     

战后日本缘何美化侵略历史——从日本“皇国史观”论起

战后,某些日本人否认过去的侵略战争,美化侵略历史,其根源何在？人们纷纷探究,本文认为“皇国史观”是某些日本人否认、美化侵略历史的思想根源。　　所谓“皇国史观”就是日本军国主义史观,是日本天皇制下占统治地位的意识形态。其核心是将日本的种族、天皇、宗教、文化等说成是世界上“最优越”的;将日本军国主义者发动的侵略战争视为“自存自卫”和“解放亚洲”的“正义之战”;将为侵略战争卖命看作效忠天皇、“为国捐躯”的“英灵”。一、狭隘民族主义的渊源　　幕末的复古思想家们,从古代日本神话传说中找到了日本是“神国”的…     

大日本主义乎?小日本主义乎?——战前日本立国路线的论争

1924年11月,孙中山先生最后一次东渡日本,在神户发表过一篇演说,题名“大亚洲主义”,主旨却是讲“王道”与“霸道”,希望日本不要“霸道”。演说的结语是:“你们日本民族既得了欧美的霸道的文化,又有亚洲王道文化的本质。从今以后,对于世     

日本有哲学吗?

对于哲学家来说,最糟糕的,因而也是刁难哲学家的最好方法,恐怕就是提出“什么是哲学”的问题。实际上,哲学家所关心的问题涉及的领域太广泛了——科学、政治、道德、艺术、宗教。总之,哲学家一直以某种形式参与了所有文化活动领域。某个哲学家的兴趣通常总是偏重于某一领域。二次     

Making Leadership Work More Effectively for Women

This article explores strategies for enhancing women's effectiveness as leaders by first recognizing that leadership itself is gendered and is enacted within a gendered context, two themes that recur throughout this issue. These contexts exist along a continuum ranging from male-dominated, hierarchical, performance-oriented, power-expressive and thus masculinized contexts at one extreme to transformational contexts that stress the empowerment of followers at the other pole. Each context suggests different strategies for making women leaders effective, emphasizing women-specific recommendations in masculinized contexts that focus on status enhancement and the legitimation of women leaders in contrast to innovative contexts with broader task goals that prove more congenial for women, as well as men, leaders.     

“Take-the-Best” and Other Simple Strategies: Why and When they Work “Well” with Binary Cues

The effectiveness of decision rules depends on characteristics of both rules and environments. A theoretical analysis of environments specifies the relative predictive accuracies of the “take-the-best” heuristic (TTB) and other simple strategies for choices between two outcomes based on binary cues. We identify three factors: how cues are weighted; characteristics of choice sets; and error. In the absence of error and for cases involving from three to five binary cues, TTB is effective across many environments. However, hybrids of equal weights (EW) and TTB models are more effective as environments become more compensatory. As error in the environment increases, the predictive ability of all models is systematically degraded. Indeed, using the datasets of Gigerenzer et al. (1999, Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart, New York: Oxford University Press), TTB and similar models do not predict much better than a naïve model that exploits dominance. Finally, we emphasize that the results reported here are conditional on binary cues.     

The Place of Fostering in Social Work

Summary To foster children is no longer regarded as the main objectiveof the child care services. However, fostering is once againa matter of social work and public debate. The paper explainsthat more types of children are now being assessed as requiringfostering at a time when social service departments are findingit difficult to expand their number of foster homes. This greaterdemand for foster homes coincides with recent researches whichhelp to clarify the nature of fostering. Accordingly, a distinctioncan be made between 'exclusive' and 'inclusive' fosterings.It is considered that a conflict exists between popularity ofexclusive fostering and research findings which stress the valueof inclusive fostering. Research is also identifying the contributionwhich social workers can make in the fostering field. But thedesired inputs of training, low caseloads and staff stabilitypose problems for social work management. Finally, the researchfindings discussed in the paper are used to argue that the forthcomingChildren Bill is not only based on false assumptions about thebehaviour of natural parents but will also promote exclusiverather than inclusive fosterings. A plea is made that childwelfare policy be seen in a larger context of social reform     

The Place of Knowledge in Social Work Activity

Summary This study considers whether a small sample of social workerswas using theoretical knowledge as a basis for activities inpractice. The findings indicate that the use of this type ofknowledge was minimal. They also bring to light a number ofquestions related to the development of knowledge for use insocial work practice.     

Social Work Development in Japan

With the enactment of the Certified Social Workers and Care Workers Act in 1987, Japanese social work would seem at last to have achieved social recognition and a secure position in Japanese society. However, when one examines the roles, working conditions, education and training of social workers, there are significant differences to be observed from the norms of western social work. In this paper the author sets out the unique characteristics of social work in Japan and reviews the pattern of its development in historical, cultural and political terms.     

Sex Differences in Perceived Family Functioning and Family Resources in Hong Kong Families: Implications for Social Work Practice

Although enhancing family functioning has become a rising concern of social workers in Chinese contexts such as Hong Kong, little has been known on perceived family functioning and family resources. To fill in this knowledge gap, this article reports part of the results of a telephone survey conducted in Hong Kong, aiming to identify the sex differences in these two areas. The results of the study have shown that Chinese women perceived better affective involvement, one of the crucial indicators of family functioning, than Chinese men. However, among the different family resources, men rated better physical and mental well-being whereas women's social connection was stronger than men's. Further analysis have shown that the linkage of three family resources (namely stress coping efficacy, time spent with family and income) to perceived family functioning was statistically significant irrespective of genders. Implications of this study for social work practice are discussed at the end of the article.