基于数据挖掘的上市公司信用评级变动预测

文章研究如何利用机器学习算法来预测中国上市公司的信用评级变动.选取了中国2003-2015年可得信用评级的记录,得到330条信用评级变动的记录.随后利用包含传统的线性分类器和最近提出的AdaBoost及随机森林分类模型等五类模型进行了实证.实证结果显示,随机森林分类模型对信用评级变动的预测能力最强.     

信用评分模型中拒绝推断问题研究：基于半监督协同训练法的改进

随着我国金融市场的蓬勃发展,信用评价中的拒绝推断问题越来越受到重视。针对信用评分模型中存在的有类别标签的样本占比低,并且样本中的类别分布不平衡等问题,本文在半监督学习技术与集成学习理论的基础上,提出了一种新的算法——BCT算法。该算法通过使用动态Bagging生成多个子分类器,引入分类阈值参数来解决样本类别分布不平衡问题,以及设定早停止条件来避免算法迭代过程中存在的过拟合风险,以此对传统半监督协同训练法进行改进。通过在5个真实数据集上的实证分析发现,在不同数据集与不同拒绝比例下,BCT算法的性能均优于其他6种有监督学习和半监督学习算法的信用评分模型,显示了BCT算法具有良好的模型泛化性能和更高的模型评价能力。     

基于AdaBoost组合算法的衍生金融工具风险预测

文章构建了衍生金融工具风险预测的AdaBoost组合算法的单属性测试和决策树模型;详细论述了单属性测试和决策树与AdaBoost算法的分类器组合机制,同时界定了12个风险检测变量指标,运用252个我国上市公司作为初始样本,分别进行了一年、两年和三年的26次衍生金融工具风险预测的AdaBoost组合算法的单属性测试(SAT),AdaBoost组合算法的决策树(DT)、单决策树和单支持向量机(SVM)实验,结果表明,基于AdaBoost组合算法的衍生金融工具风险预测模型可以对公司衍生金融工具风险进有效的预测。     

数据挖掘模型在小企业主信用评分领域的应用

国际经验表明,信用评分技术可较好地解决小企业贷款高成本、高风险及信息不对称难题.本文广泛选取了可适用于小企业主信用评分领域的12种数据挖掘模型(包括本文的改进模型门限Logistic),并以3个银行微观客户数据集为案例,通过10折交叉验证和预期分类错误成本的方式,检验了这些模型的综合信用评分能力.分析结果及稳健性检验表明,本文改进的门限Logistic模型在模型预测能力及预期错误分类成本等多方面表现优秀;而基于决策树的组合方法也表现良好.本研究对国内商业银行建立合适的小企业主贷款信用评分模型具有参考意义,也有助于推动银行微观金融统计,完善金融统计工作.     

基于偏最小二乘方法的信用评分模型

为了克服信用评分模型中自变量存在多重共线性的问题,文章引入了偏最小二乘思想,即采用限制预测值的偏最小二乘回归和偏最小二乘Logistic回归来创建信用评分模型。偏最小二乘法可以同时解释因变量和自变量的变异,在实际运用中更加符合信用评分模型的特点。实证研究的结果表明,利用这两种偏最小二乘模型创建的信用评分模型具有很好的准确性和稳定性。     

不平衡数据分类问题的FL逻辑回归算法

针对不平衡数据的分类问题，文章利用焦点损失函数可以挖掘困难样本的特性，提出了一种新的逻辑回归算法。首先，定义逻辑回归模型新的损失函数；其次，基于牛顿迭代法，设计FL逻辑回归算法；最后，在比较实验中，运用随机森林进行特征选择，以阈值优化逻辑回归模型为分类模型进行实验。实验结果表明，与传统逻辑回归算法相比，改进后的算法提高了少数类样本的分类精度，增强了模型的整体分类性能。     

大数据背景下网络借贷的信用风险评估——以人人贷为例

在大数据时代,网贷平台每天流动着海量交易数据。为充分利用这些数据控制信用风险,运用数据挖掘算法建立了信用风险评估模型。由于网贷数据多为非平衡数据,所以通过多次尝试使用SMOTE算法进行处理,提高了模型评估性能。研究发现:随机森林模型更适合用于信用风险评估,其次是CART、ANN、C4.5。用户的婚姻、房/车产(贷)等信息重要程度较低,而公司规模、工作时间等信息,历史借款、信用评分等信用档案信息在信用风险评估中尤为重要。     

基于改进的FSA-SVM的国际有色金属期货价格预测

对传统鱼群算法进行了简化,并对其步长和可视域采用自适应变化策略,利用改进的鱼群算法对支持向量机训练算法进行优化,提出了基于鱼群优化的支持向量机期货价格预测模型.将改进的模型滚动预测未来的期货价格,并以伦敦金属交易所3月期三种有色金属品种的日度期货价格作为实证分析.最后将预测结果与单纯的支持向量机的预测效果相比,结果显示,改进后的模型具有更高的预测精度,特别是对金属期货价格的短期预测效果良好.     

Bayes判别信用评价模型及其应用研究

本文在简要综述了上市公司信用评级的研究现状,特别是基于判别分析方法的信用评价模型的研究与应用的基础上,引入Bayes判别法则(最小ECM法则),在总体协方差相等和不等的不同假设下建立两类模式分类的信用评价模型;并运用该模型对我国2000年106家上市公司进行模式识别训练及分类的实证,计算其明显误判率(APER)和期望真实误判率(E(AER)),最后讨论了的该评价模型的性能.     

基于GIS的物流配送系统车辆调度研究

文章通过深入研究C-W算法并对该算法进行改进,考虑时间约束,设计了解决混合时间窗问题的启发式算法,结合地理信息系统(GIS)建立相应的数学模型并对供应链中物流配送车辆调度系统和行车路径进行优化。通过实证分析验证了该模型和算法的有效性,对该领域的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Weighted bagging: a modification of AdaBoost from the perspective of importance sampling

We motivate the success of AdaBoost (ADA) in classification problems by appealing to an importance sampling perspective. Based on this insight, we propose the Weighted Bagging (WB) algorithm, a regularization method that naturally extends ADA to solve both classification and regression problems. WB uses a part of the available data to build models, and a separate part to modify the weights of observations. The method is used with categorical and regression tress and is compared with ADA, Boosting, Bagging, Random Forest and Support Vector Machine. We apply these methods to some real data sets and report some results of simulations. These applications and simulations show the effectiveness of WB.     

Sensitivity analysis and choosing between alternative polytomous IRT models using Bayesian model comparison criteria

Polytomous Item Response Theory (IRT) models are used by specialists to score assessments and questionnaires that have items with multiple response categories. In this article, we study the performance of five model comparison criteria for comparing fit of the graded response and generalized partial credit models using the same dataset when the choice between the two is unclear. Simulation study is conducted to analyze the sensitivity of priors and compare the performance of the criteria using the No-U-Turn Sampler algorithm, under a Bayesian approach. The results were used to select a model for an application in mental health data.     

信用评分模型应用比较研究——基于个体工商户数据的检验

信用评分是各类机构进行信用管理的有效工具,有着广泛的应用前景。随着计量技术的发展,信用评分方法也不断革新,为实际应用提供了多种选择。选取Logistic回归、分类树两种统计方法及代表信用评分发展趋势的人工智能神经网络中的多层感知器、径向基网络、自组织特征映射网络、支持向量机等共六种模型,运用较大样本量的个体工商户数据在一致的框架下进行检验。结果表明：Logistic回归模型与支持向量机两种方法在错分率、稳定性及适用性方面较为优越,其中支持向量机作为人工智能评分方法的最新应用之一,其综合性能更为突出。     

Credit risk assessment with Bayesian model averaging

Many credit risk models are based on the selection of a single logistic regression model, on which to base parameter estimation. When many competing models are available, and without enough guidance from economical theory, model averaging represents an appealing alternative to the selection of single models. Despite model averaging approaches have been present in statistics for many years, only recently they are starting to receive attention in economics and finance applications. This contribution shows how Bayesian model averaging can be applied to credit risk estimation, a research area that has received a great deal of attention recently, especially in the light of the global financial crisis of the last few years and the correlated attempts to regulate international finance. The paper considers the use of logistic regression models under the Bayesian Model Averaging paradigm. We argue that Bayesian model averaging is not only more correct from a theoretical viewpoint, but also slightly superior, in terms of predictive performance, with respect to single selected models.     

Bivariate Semi-Markov Process for Counterparty Credit Risk

We consider the problem of constructing an appropriate multivariate model to study counterparty credit risk in the credit rating migration problem. For this financial problem different multivariate Markov chain models were proposed. However, the Markovian assumption may be inappropriate for the study of the dynamics of credit ratings, which typically show non Markovian-like behavior. In this article, we develop a semi-Markov approach to study the counterparty credit risk by defining a new multivariate semi-Markov chain model. Methods are given for computing the transition probabilities, reliability functions and the price of a risky Credit Default Swap.     

An empirical bias–variance analysis of DECORATE ensemble method at different training sample sizes

DECORATE (Diverse Ensemble Creation by Oppositional Relabeling of Artificial Training Examples) is a classifier combination technique to construct a set of diverse base classifiers using additional artificially generated training instances. The predictions from the base classifiers are then integrated into one by the mean combination rule. In order to gain more insight about its effectiveness and advantages, this paper utilizes a large experiment to study the bias–variance analysis of DECORATE as well as some other widely used ensemble methods (such as bagging, AdaBoost, random forest) at different training sample sizes. The experimental results yield the following conclusions. For small training sets, DECORATE has a dominant advantage over its rivals and its success is attributed to the larger bias reduction achieved by it than the other algorithms. With increase in training data, AdaBoost benefits most and the bias reduced by it gradually turns to be significant while its variance reduction is also medium. Thus, AdaBoost performs best with large training samples. Moreover, random forest behaves always second best regardless of small or large training sets and it is seen to mainly decrease variance while maintaining low bias. Bagging seems to be an intermediate one since it reduces variance primarily.     

基于高维分步投影的多重分区聚类算法

基于数据分布密度划分的聚类算法是数据挖掘聚类算法中的主要方法之一。针对传统密度划分聚类算法存在运算复杂、运行效率不高等缺陷,设计出高维分步投影的多重分区聚类算法;以高维分布投影密度为依据,对数据集进行多重分区产生数据集的子簇空间,并进行子簇合并形成了理想的聚类结果;依据算法进行实验,结果证明该算法具有运算简单和运行效率高等优良性。     

Assessing naïve Bayes as a method for screening credit applicants

The naïve Bayes rule (NBR) is a popular and often highly effective technique for constructing classification rules. This study examines the effectiveness of NBR as a method for constructing classification rules (credit scorecards) in the context of screening credit applicants (credit scoring). For this purpose, the study uses two real-world credit scoring data sets to benchmark NBR against linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression analysis, k-nearest neighbours, classification trees and neural networks. Of the two aforementioned data sets, the first one is taken from a major Greek bank whereas the second one is the Australian Credit Approval data set taken from the UCI Machine Learning Repository (available at http://www.ics.uci.edu/~mlearn/MLRepository.html). The predictive ability of scorecards is measured by the total percentage of correctly classified cases, the Gini coefficient and the bad rate amongst accepts. In each of the data sets, NBR is found to have a lower predictive ability than some of the other five methods under all measures used. Reasons that may negatively affect the predictive ability of NBR relative to that of alternative methods in the context of credit scoring are examined.     

Sovereign rescheduling probabilities in emerging markets: a comparison with credit rating agencies’ ratings

This study estimates default probabilities of 124 emerging countries from 1981 to 2002 as a function of a set of macroeconomic and political variables. The estimated probabilities are then compared with the default rates implied by sovereign credit ratings of three major international credit rating agencies (CRAs) – Moody's Investor's Service, Standard & Poor's and Fitch Ratings. Sovereign debt default probabilities are used by investors in pricing sovereign bonds and loans as well as in determining country risk exposure. The study finds that CRAs usually underestimate the risk of sovereign debt as the sovereign credit ratings from rating agencies are usually too optimistic.     

基于SV模型的中国债券信用价差影响因素研究

针对中国债券市场,选取2005年6月—2010年6月的企业债和国债月度交易情况,对静态利率期限结构SV参数模型利用遗传算法求解,拟合较为精确的企业债和国债的即期利率曲线,据此计算出企业债的信用价差。在对中国AAA级企业债按不同的期限进行回归分析后发现,该等级债券的信用价差曲线形态呈下降趋势,原因可能是中国债券信用评级过高、担保机制存在问题等;对不同期限企业债信用价差的宏观经济影响因素大致相同,如居民消费价格指数、国内生产总值的变化率等,而且这些信用价差序列之间存在显著的相关关系。