基于正式结构与非正式网络的企业内部知识共享优化方法

从社会网络视角提出一种基于正式结构与非正式网络的企业内部知识共享优化方法;从解构企业内部社会网络的角度出发,对承载企业内部知识共享的正式结构、非正式网络及其4个子结构(被忽视的正式结构、被利用的正式结构、被利用的非正式网络和潜在的非正式网络)进行分析;依据网络特征识别关键的知识代理人和任务导向的知识共享缺口,在此基础上对企业内部知识共享进行优化。     

Primary care networks: choose your physicians wisely

As hospitals and health care systems maneuver for a position in the integrated health care delivery system, no initiative is more important than building an effective and competitive primary care network. Yet this critical initiative is fraught with potential pitfalls. In their haste to develop primary care networks, hospitals and health care systems may fail to thoroughly evaluate network participants and in turn create large, inclusive, and inefficient primary care networks that don't come close to breaking even, much less repay practice acquisition costs. In an effort to become more efficient, practitioners often find themselves in the unenviable position of "de-selecting" peers retrospectively. The author presents criteria for evaluating and selecting network physicians.     

家族企业接班人的胜任—绩效建模——基于越商代际传承的实证分析

接班人的选择与培养对于家族企业的生存发展至关重要。本文通过文献回顾、深度访谈和问卷调查方式,采用探索性和验证性因子分析方法构建了家族企业接班人的胜任—绩效模型。结果显示,模型具有较好的拟合度,家族企业接班人胜任能力包括社会网络、政府关系、发现机会、承担风险、资源整合、战略决策、学习创新和科学管理八个因子,其中,前四个因子和后四个因子可以分别归属于管理素质和管理技能两个一级因子;家族企业的继承绩效包括客观绩效和主观绩效两个因子,其中,客观绩效包括人才结构、产品技术、品牌形象、市场份额、利润增长和企业规模六个二级因子,而主观绩效主要包括家族满意和员工满意两个二级因子;社会网络、学习创新、政府关系、资源整合等因子对于家族企业的继承绩效具有更显著的相关性关系,而社会网络和政府关系对于企业继承的影响颇具中国特色。     

双层社交网络上的企业舆情 传播模型及控制策略研究

  随着社会化媒体时代的到来,社交网络中企业舆情的形成与传播为现代企业管理带来了深远影响。当前关于企业舆情传播的研究主要以在线社交网络为传播媒介展开,鲜有研究考虑舆情在传统线下网络与在线社交网络的同时传播。此外,通过识别社交网络中最具有影响力的权威节点以实现信息传播规模最大化是当前信息传播控制策略的主要思路,而基于价值共创理论针对最小化负面舆情传播范围的控制策略相对较少。         基于此,探索双层社交网络上的企业舆情传播规律和控制策略。考虑到线上、线下活动的相互依赖性,基于复杂网络理论和传播动力学等方法,构建双层社交网络上的舆情传播模型;对传播模型进行仿真实验,并将仿真结果与单层社交网络进行对比;基于价值共创理论提出以减缓未知者向已知者转化为目的和以加速传播者向免疫者转化为目的的两类企业舆情传播的控制策略,并利用仿真实验验证控制策略的有效性。         研究结果表明,①在双层社交网络中,舆情的传播同时具备线上网络和线下网络中的传播特征;②双层社交网络层间的耦合连接模式对舆情的传播过程具有显著影响,同配连接最利于舆情的传播,而异配连接最不利于舆情的扩散;③企业的第1类和第2类舆情控制策略对舆情传播的抑制效果具有阶段性,即两类控制策略在舆情传播初期边际效用最大,资源投入越多,舆情传播的抑制效果越明显;而在传播后期,控制策略的边际效用趋近于0,无法实现预期效果。         现代企业在网络舆情管理过程中,除利用正面舆情树立企业形象外,也应时刻关注负面舆情对企业发展带来的消极影响。为有效地规避负面舆情传播对企业带来的损失,企业可通过在社交网络中投入资源,如实施广告宣传、经济赔偿等价值共创策略来抑制舆情的传播,但需要注意控制策略及实施控制时间点的选择。研究结论为企业正确应对网络舆情、保持竞争优势等方面提供了重要依据。     

Diversity Networks: Networking for Equality?

In recent years, the use of diversity networks as diversity management instruments in organizations has increased tremendously. Diversity networks support the needs of employees with different social identities, such as women, ethnic minorities, LGBTs, disabled and young people. The aim of this study is to come to a better understanding of how diversity networks contribute to equality by examining how diversity network leaders discursively construct the value of their networks against the backdrop of discourses on diversity and equality. We conducted a multiple case study of five different diversity networks in a financial service organization in the Netherlands. Our results show that network leaders tend to construct the value of their networks primarily in terms of individual career development and community building, to prevent their members’ isolation. However, they are much less articulate about removing the barriers to inclusion in the organization as a core value of their networks. We conclude that the value of diversity networks is limited when these networks only address the individual and group levels of equality and leave systemic inequalities at the organizational level unchallenged.     

Network Parenting in International Service Development

This paper explores theoretical and practical aspects (i.e. resources allocated, activities undertaken, actors/decisions involved) of corporate 'parenting' in the development of international service networks. A review of the relevant corporate strategy, supply-chain, networks and services management literature underpins a preliminary content (capability; market orientation) and process (top-down; bottom-up) typology of network parenting. This provides the structure for discussion of two telecommunications-sector case studies. Analysis of the data acknowledges the influence of generic network mechanisms (e.g. weak and strong social ties) but the parenting typology also highlights other mechanisms, the effectiveness of which appears contingent on specific parenting roles. The paper details these roles (labelled: governing; training; curating; facilitating) and makes some preliminary comments on the role trajectories (e.g. governing ↔ training) observed. The paper concludes with a discussion of possible directions for future work.     

考虑社交网络和互联网金融的金融市场超网络均衡研究

社交网络和互联网金融的广泛应用给金融市场发展带来机遇和挑战,金融市场呈现复杂多变、交叉融合的特征,传统的金融市场和监管理论难以适应金融市场发展和风险管理需要。本文从金融网络视角,针对互联网金融发展带来的区别于传统金融的信用风险和操作风险,引入信用惩罚函数和操作风险函数,考虑到加强社交网络关系可提高信息透明度、降低交易成本和交易风险,建立了由资金供给者、互联网金融中介、传统金融中介、资金需求者四种类型金融参与组成的、集成资金流动网络和社交关系网络的金融市场超网络模型,进行金融市场各参与主体的行为分析,建立包括净收益最大化、社交网络关系最大化和风险最小化为目标的多目标决策模型;运用变分不等式将约束条件放松为单边约束,研究包括上述金融市场的均衡条件;最后通过算例的MATLAB仿真验证模型有效性。研究结果表明,考虑与否社交网络关系水平,金融市场的均衡状态不同;社交网络关系水平对互联网金融中介和传统金融中介具有影响作用;为提高市场稳定性和有效性,降低金融风险,互联网金融和传统金融中介需要合作和协同发展。     

企业网络能力的结构测度与实证研究

针对目前企业网络能力实证研究的不足,提出了网络能力构成的4个层次:网络愿景、网络构建、关系管理和关系组合,以及细分的13个能力要素;在此基础上开发了企业网络能力的测度量表,运用346个中国企业的样本数据进行了统计检验。研究结果表明,网络能力的测度量表具有较好的信度和效度,最后,提出了未来研究的方向。     

Social network analysis and the evaluation of leadership networks

Leadership development practitioners are increasingly interested in social networks as a way to strengthen relationships among leaders in fields, communities, and organizations. This paper offers a framework for conceptualizing different types of leadership networks and uses case examples to identify outcomes typically associated with each type of network. Evaluating leadership networks is a challenge for the field of leadership development. Social network analysis (SNA) is an evaluation approach that uses mathematics and visualization to represent the structure of relationships between people, organizations, goals, interests, and other entities within a larger system. In this article we describe core social network concepts and the application of them to illuminate the value of SNA as an evaluation tool.     

网络密度、高管注意力配置与企业绿色创新:制度压力的调节作用

本文整合社会网络理论、注意力基础观和新制度主义理论等,通过对282家制造企业的问卷调查,采用多元回归分析方法,探讨了网络密度和高管注意力配置的交互匹配对企业绿色创新的影响机制,以及制度压力在其中的调节作用。研究发现,在高密度网络中,高管采用注意力聚集策略对绿色创新有显著正向影响;而在低密度网络中,高管采用注意力分散策略对绿色创新有显著正向影响。规制压力和模仿压力均正向调节网络密度和高管注意力配置的交互作用对绿色创新的影响,但模仿压力的调节作用更强。通过构建不同制度压力情景下网络密度与高管注意力的交互作用对绿色创新影响的理论框架,本文推动社会网络理论、注意力基础观等成熟的理论成果从一般创新向绿色创新研究领域繁衍,为企业绿色创新加入与主流理论的对话做了努力,为企业在绿色创新过程中根据不同的制度压力,以及所嵌入的组织间网络密度情况,选择合适的注意力配置策略提供理论参考。     

The role of the coordinator of care

Regardless of the specific outcome of the current health reform debate in Washington, it is likely that major changes to the health care system are in the offering. These changes, many of which are already in place or imminent in some locations, will have a major impact on the evolving relationships between physicians and hospitals. Most expect that these changes will accelerate the development of integrated health care delivery systems that will compete in the marketplace for a mixture of public and private health insurance dollars. In this system of "managed competition," health care dollars will flow to those systems that can ensure the best clinical outcomes while using the least economic resources. In this scenario, competing collaborative health networks that can manage the continuum of care will be central to the health care delivery system. The economic and political ties between physicians and hospitals will become more closely linked as government and private payers of health care services foster the development of these integrated, value-based health care delivery systems.     

Estimating Social Influences from Social Networking Sites—Articulated Friendships versus Communication Interactions

Despite the ubiquity of social networking sites, the online social networking industry is in search of effective marketing strategies to better profit from their established user base. Social media marketing strategies build on the premise that the social network of online users can be predicted and social influences among online users can be estimated. However, the existence of various heterogeneous social interactions on social networking sites presents a challenge for social network prediction and social influence estimation. In this article we draw upon the literatures on self‐presentation on social networking sites and signaling in online social networking to categorize six heterogeneous online social interactions on social networking sites into two types—articulated friendships and communication interactions. This article provides empirical evidence for the differences between articulated friendships and communication interactions and the corresponding articulated and communication networks. In order to compare the impacts of the social influences based on these two networks, we utilize support vector machines to build a classifier to predict virtual community membership and we further estimate the marginal effects of these social influences using a two‐stage probit least squares method. We find significant explanatory power of social influences in predicting virtual community membership. Although the communication network is much sparser than the articulated network, social influences based on the communication network achieve similar performance as the articulated network. These findings provide important implications for social media marketing as well as the management of virtual communities.     

Making and Mending your Nets: Managing Relevance, Participation and Uncertainty in Academic–Practitioner Knowledge Networks

Making and mending your nets is concerned to examine, from an actor–network theory perspective, how the relevance debate concerning research and teaching is a significant non‐human actor in the development and management of industry–academic networks associated with UK business schools. By significant, we do not imply the most important because it is only one of many human and non‐human actors that may arouse interest, be problematized, enrolled and/or mobilized for such networks to become ‘obligatory passage points’ and ultimately irreversible collective assemblies. The paper then utilizes actor–network theory as a framework for examining our primary empirical research on academic–practitioner knowledge networks – nets that require a continuous making and mending in managing relevance, participation and uncertainty. We argue that the actor–network framework is more compatible than alternative knowledge diffusion or transfer models with the data we have collected on academic–practitioner knowledge networks in the UK. In accounting for the dynamic instability and precariousness of knowledge networks, it avoids raising false expectations about business knowledge and its relevance or effectiveness. If knowledge in the physical sciences and engineering unfolds slowly and unevenly in the face of many disputes, disruptions and setbacks, as actor–network theory has claimed, then how much more likely is this to be the case in the social sciences? Consequently there should be no expectations of one‐to‐one, direct causal chains between knowledge production and application, as some business school critics seemingly demand.     

Zur Aktualität des Kompetenzbegriffs und zur Bedeutung der Kompetenz-entwicklung für das Coaching

The popular use of the term “competence” and the significance of competence development in coachingThe term “competence” is frequently used by employers, employees, trainers and authors alike, though in many cases the concept behind this term might differ considerably. But what does competence really mean, how does competence differ from other concepts like qualification, ability and skill and what is essential in developing competencies? If competence is seen as a disposition of self-organization, it helps people to solve unknown and difficult requirements based on their knowledge. The basic aim of coaching is the development of job-related competencies. Particularly social and personal competencies can be highly improved and enlarged by coaching. Thereby the coach takes the role of a consultant, who assists the coachees during their learning process and supports them with appropriate methods and tools.     

Social network and social capital in leadership and management research: A review of causal methods

This paper surveys the methods underlying the burgeoning body of leadership and management research on social networks and social capital (SNSC). A social network is a social structure made up of nodes connected by a set of ties. Social capital, in turn, refers to the structure, content, and perception of one's social relationships in the network. This paper presents an in-depth survey of the methods of using SNSC in leadership and management research. I first review how network scholars determine network boundaries, choose sampling techniques, and collect network data. I follow with a comprehensive survey of the statistical tools and analytical strategies prevalent in SNSC research. I then investigate the methodological rigor of 110 SNSC empirical studies in leadership and other management fields. My results show that 8.1% (3/37) specified network boundaries, 43.2% (49/103) used surveys to collect network data, and 52.3% (58/110) implemented at least one reviewed method. A further assessment reveals that only 39.7% (23/58) of papers somewhat justified the appropriateness of using such methods. The frequency distribution of coding criteria was similar across journals and over time. This review also includes several future research directives for SNSC leadership and management researchers.     

Mobilising networks to achieve strategic difference

This article examines the strategies for achieving differentiation through a network approach. The generic strategies models of positioning and the resource-based view have opened up the possibility of strategic difference, but, drawing on a social network approach, this article argues that, rather than accepting strategy as simply market given or internally driven, firms can draw on their unique social networks of relations to make a difference to their strategies. Illustrations from three successful Taiwanese computer firms seeking to secure differentiation of action show that one enjoys a policy-driven network advantage over its domestic rivals, another has developed both technological and familial networks, while the third exploits its established management and production links in the Taiwanese industrial culture. These comparative case studies illustrate that strategies for achieving differentiation can be based on a wide variety of external social networks of relationships (including political, familial, friendship and alumni links, as well as alliances via boards, trade unions and banks etc). The implications for managers are that firms need to expand their external networks of relationships to secure their survival and growth, and should seek to identify and develop structures that are resourceful, rare and inimitable.     

管理越位现象:医患群体性事件社会网络的稳定性与效率

医患冲突问题成为当前社会热点问题之一。医患群体性事件当事者的社会网络结构呈现出越级上访、参与者个体的异质性、存在转移支付和动态递减的连接成本等复杂特征。在经典的社会网络JW模型上考虑上述社会网络特征,构建了修正的RJW(Revised Jackson-Wolinsky Model)社会网络模型。运用穷举搜索法,研究了医患冲突社会网络结构的稳定性和效率。结合南平医闹事件的案例分析,研究结果表明,当直接连接成本和连接收益较低时,星形社会网络稳定且高效;随着连接收益的上升,同时满足稳定性和有效的社会网络结构呈现出多种间接连接形态。该社会网络连接模型揭示了突发事件应急管理中“越位”、“越权”现象的产生条件:其关键因素是连接收益和连接成本的权衡。     

广州软件产业社会网络与竞争关系复杂网络的分析与比较

通过对广州软件产业的问卷调查,建立了61个公司的CEO自我中心社会网络、2个公司的衍生网络以及578个公司的基于产品的竞争关系网络模型,并分别采用社会网络分析方法、复杂网络分析方法对上述模型进行了分析与比较。发现了广州软件产业CEO自我中心社会网络具有较强的封闭性,竞争关系复杂网络具有幂律分布、小世界性等特点,以及该产业的公司衍生网络与竞争关系复杂网络之间的内在联系。     

CEO网络嵌入性与企业价值

以社会网络理论为理论依据,本文构建了CEO网络嵌入性与企业价值关系的概念模型,提出CEO网络嵌入性与企业价值变化正相关的假设。运用结构方程方法的模型发展策略,选取2009年A股非金融保险业上市公司为样本,对概念模型与实证数据进行契合,得到一个在统计上与样本数据能够良好适配的理论模型。通过对模型进行实证检验,证实了本文所提出的理论假设和概念模型的合理性。