韩国出生性别比失衡的公共治理及对中国的启示

韩国出生性别比呈现先上升后下降的态势,韩国出生性别比偏高的直接原因是性别选择流、引产,而传统文化是根源性的原因,韩国性别失衡带来一系列社会后果,影响了韩国的社会稳定;韩国政府出台了一系列旨在维护女童权益、反对歧视女性、提高女性地位的法律法规;韩国的公民社会也作出了许多有益的尝试,通过公共治理,出生性别比出现显著下降,而且女性地位得到较大提升;韩国性别比失衡问题的治理对中国解决相关人口问题有着重要的借鉴意义。     

以生命历程范式浅析老年群体中的不平等现象

运用现有社会学理论对老年领域存在的不平等原因作初步的分析。传统的分层理论中 ,经济地位、权力分配、个人生活机会等社会分层的决定因素在解释老年不平等现象中依然发挥着重要作用。分析老年不平等问题 ,不仅需要传统理论的支持 ,还需要动态的来考察 ,本文在传统理论的支持下加入了一个新的理论视角———生命历程范式。     

婚姻行为中的资源与交换--以延边朝鲜族女性的涉外婚姻为例

本研究运用交换理论,以延边朝鲜族女性的涉外婚姻为例,探讨婚姻中的资源与交换之间的关系。1992年中国和韩国建交后,在延边朝鲜族社会里,社会经济资源匮乏的女性在涉外婚姻中将自身的“年轻”作为可利用的资源和韩国男性所拥有的“优越的居住资源”进行了交换。她们将涉外婚姻作为谋求经济稳定和改变社会经济地位的手段加以选择。     

单系偏重与生育文化边界

生育文化边界是客观存在的。本文联系婚姻家庭领域的单系偏重习俗 ,对生育文化边界的成因进行了探讨。认为婚姻家庭领域的姓氏嗣续、社会继替、亲属体系以及居住模式方面的单系偏重是促成生育文化边界形成的一个极其重要的原因。突破生育文化边界 ,实现生育文化的现代化 ,需要变革婚姻家庭领域的单系偏重习俗。这种变革将因单系偏重习俗的凝固性及合理性的存在 ,而变得异常艰难     

保持和扩大韩国旅华客源市场思路与对策分析

自2005年起,韩国超过日本成为我国最大的旅游资源国,韩国旅华游客当中以观光休闲和商务会议为目的的游客占有较大比重,而老人和女性游客所占的比重较低,为保持韩国旅华市场的优势地位,不仅需要改善接待环境,完善相关配套的基础设施,而且还要加强两国商务文化交流,并对客源市场进行深层次开发,提供丰富的适应不同层次潜在游客需求的旅游产品。     

北京城市妇女地位调查研究

妇女地位问题,不仅是人口社会学研究的重要领域,也是当今中外政府机构、国际社会和国际组织关注的热点。妇女的实际地位如何,已经成为一个国家或地区测定社会进步程度和尊重人权状况的综合标尺。妇女地位,一般是指相对于男子而言,她们在社会生活和家庭生活的各个方面所扮演性别角色的平等程度。妇女地位通常包括妇女的政治地位、法律地位、经济地位、劳动地位、教育地位、社会参与、健康地位以及妇女在婚姻家庭生活中的地位等八个方面。在许多国家里,政府都要颁布和执行有关妇女地位的法律(或不成文法)、法规和条例,明文规     

新型城镇化背景下城乡妇女家庭地位的比较——基于兰州市妇女社会地位的调查

新型城镇化的核心是人口的城镇化,农村妇女家庭地位的高低不仅可以反映农村城镇化水平,更代表了社会的文明程度。本文充分利用问卷调查数据,从“家庭资源的占有及支配”、“个人事务的自主决策权”、“夫妻在家庭中实权比较’’及“妇女对家庭事务决策权的分享’’四方面对城乡妇女家庭地位进行了全面比较,在此基础上,借助“资源假说”理论和“文化规范论”的观点,从资源和文化两个维度分析差异形成的原因,最后提出对策建议以切实提高兰州市农村妇女的家庭地位。     

流动妇女的婚姻家庭状况及其影响因素研究——以湖南省为例

婚姻家庭的稳定是保障流动妇女身心健康、维护社会有序运行的必要条件。在流动妇女城市适应的过程中,流入地的新事物和新理念不断地冲击着这一群体的传统价值观与婚姻观,对其婚姻状况有着持续而长远的影响。本文基于2010年第三期中国妇女社会地位抽样调查(湖南)数据,通过规范化的实证分析探讨流动妇女的择偶标准、生育行为和家庭关系,以期较为客观、系统地反映流动妇女的婚姻状况及其影响因素。     

老集镇利用古会开展“关爱女孩”活动

“维护妇女合法权益”项目是中国计生协倡导的旨在提高广大妇女政治、经济、社会、家庭地位，帮助广大育龄妇女提高素质的一个项目。2005年9月，我县作为全区惟一一个县，正式被中国计生协批准为第二批50个“维护妇女合法权益”项目扩展点之一。我县在马岭镇永明村委、荔城镇沙洞居委、青山镇荔江村委开展了“维护妇女合法权益”项目示范试点工作。     

韩国出生性别比的治理

韩国针对性别公平的法律体系比较完整，既有概括性的基本法，也有涉及家庭、就业、参政、健康等专门领域的特别法。这些法律法规一起构建了保障女性地位的坚实基础。同时，这些法律内容翔实，操作性强，以确保能有效的执行。     

The Relations Among Relatedness Needs,Subjective Well-Being,and Depression of Korean Elderly

The first part of the study examined what the relatedness needs Korean elderly have in close relationships (spouse, children, friends) are. The most salient needs were “love and care” for spouse and “contact and often meeting” for children and friends. The second part of the study assessed the relations among the difference between expectation and satisfaction of relatedness needs, subjective well-being, and depression of Korean elderly. Regression analyses showed that the difference between expectation and satisfaction of relatedness needs for spouse and children significantly predicted subjective well-being and depression. Finally, gender differences are discussed in terms of the patriarchal culture of Korean society.     

Demographic Consequences of Gender Discrimination in China: Simulation Analysis of Policy Options

The large number of missing females in China, a consequence of gender discrimination, is having and will continue to have a profound effect on the country’s population development. In this paper, we analyze the causes of this gender discrimination in terms of institutions, culture and, economy, and suggest public policies that might help eliminate gender discrimination. Using a population simulation model, we study the effect of public policies on the sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality, and the effect of gender discrimination on China’s population development. We find that gender discrimination will decrease China’s population size, number of births, and working age population, accelerate population aging and exacerbate the male marriage squeeze. These results provide theoretical support for suggesting that the government enact and implement public policies aimed at eliminating gender discrimination.     

Politics of Sex Appeal in Advertising

This article is an ethnographic exploration of how gender ideologies were negotiated in the South Korea of the 2000s, in advertising texts and in advertising workplaces. Advertising has been criticized for reproducing gender stereotypes, and it is easy to assume that it is men within advertising agencies who are responsible for the objectifying and sexualizing portrayals of women. Yet behind some of the raciest South Korean advertising campaigns were ambitious women, who not only eagerly repeated the marketing adage that “sex sells” but also, provocatively, attempted to obliterate the lingering patriarchal norms and double sexual standards—with sexualized advertising. This article examines the politics of sex appeal in contemporary South Korean advertising by drawing on participant observation at an advertising agency, interviews, and public discourse analysis. Having situated the women's interventions within the cultural–historical context of South Korea, I, first, show how women's embrace of the sex-appeal aesthetic was a strategy to succeed in a male-dominated work environment and, second, detail how fighting gender discrimination with sex-appeal advertising was a profoundly contradictory project. I suggest that the politics of sex appeal in advertising was symptomatic of how women's struggles for equality were collapsing into neoliberal post-feminist sensibility.     

关于当代中国女性流动人口性别认同的研究

自1978年中国改革开放以来,城市劳动力需求剧增,人口流动政策逐渐放松。大量的农村劳动力抱着改善经济和生活条件的梦想流入城市打工。近三十年,流动人口规模迅速扩大,由1982年3000万激增到2005年的1．47亿。根据2000年人口普查的数据,女性流动人口规模已达到2001万,占流动人口总量（4242万人）的47．2％,大多数女性流动人口到工厂打工,因而派生出一个新的称谓——“打工妹”。     

A Study of the Gendered Identity of Female Migrants in Contemporary China

As a new group in the process of socio-economic transformation, female members of the Chinese floating population have negative self-identities rooted in the traditional gender discrimination in China society. This impacts negatively on female migrants1 both physiologically and psychologically, disadvantaging them in the pursuit of resources, opportunities and rights. It is therefore necessary to positively influence the self-image of female migrants so as to ensure their rights, further their interests and...     

区域经济环境对工资性别差异的影响——基于多层模型的分析途径

本文建立了中国城镇居民工资方程的多层模型,并提出了相应的工资差异分解方法,用于分析区域经济环境对工资性别差异的影响。结果表明,在所有地区劳动力市场中,均存在明显的工资性别差异。虽然地区市场化水平的提高有助于个体工资水平的提升,但却导致工资性别差异的扩大;尽管地区失业率的上升将对个体工资获得产生不利影响,但却导致工资性别差异的缩小。市场化程度越高的地区,工资性别歧视越严重。因此,在市场化进程中,政府在努力发展教育和扩大就业的同时,应致力于实施公平的工资分配制度,将有助于缓解针对女性的工资歧视,进而有助于工资性别差异的缩小。     

社会性别视角下女大学生就业质量的影响因素分析--基于福建省五所高校的调查

党的十八届五中全会公报指出,坚持就业优先战略,实施更加积极的就业政策,建立更加公平的市场分配机制,缩小收入差距,提高就业质量,消除就业歧视应作为经济社会发展的优先目标。本文基于福建省五所高校大学生就业问题调查数据,运用社会性别理论深入探讨女大学生就业质量的影响因素及其作用机制。研究发现,劳动力市场依然是以男性体验为规则的领域,以男性为标准的性别文化规范,决定了性别意识对男女大学生就业质量不同的影响强度和向度,也影响了人力资本和社会资本的作用路径,进而导致女大学生的就业质量低于男大学生。     

中国与韩国出生性别比问题比较研究

20世纪80年代以后,中国出生人口性别比出现持续升高的势头。2000年,中国出生人口性别比高达119.92。地区间、城乡间出生人口性别比差异也较大。韩国在20世纪80年代起出生人口性别比持续攀升,1990年高达116.5。但经过韩国政府采取一系列有效措施,2004年韩国出生性别比下降至108.2,接近正常水平。韩国应对出生人口性别比问题的成功经验对解决中国出生人口性别比偏高现象有一定的借鉴意义。     

International marriages in South Korea: The significance of nationality and ethnicity

International marriage has increased drastically in South Korea in recent years, and by 2005, 13.6 per cent of marriages involved a foreign spouse. The purpose of this study is twofold: to explore the demographic demand and supply of foreign spouses in the marriage market in South Korea, and to examine how social positions of foreign wives vary by their place in the marriage market as determined by their nationality and ethnicity. Data show that the demand for foreign spouses is particularly strong among rural never-married and urban divorced Korean men. Among foreign wives, Chinese, especially Korean Chinese, tend to marry divorced Koreans, partly because many of them have also been married before. The Korean Chinese are the most autonomous among five groups of foreign wives examined, showing the highest rates of Korean citizenship, divorce-separation, and employment. Southeast Asian women tend to marry rural never-married men, and they are the most adaptive to the host society in the way they show among the highest rates of Korean citizenship and employment (after controlling for their poor Korean proficiency and short duration in Korea). Their divorce-separation rate is the lowest regardless of such control. This study demonstrates that marriage migrants adaptation to the host society differs significantly by nationality and ethnic origin.