Welfare inequalities and Rawlsian axiomatics

This paper is concerned with ordinal comparisons of welfare inequality and its use in social welfare judgements, especially in the context of Rawls' difference principle. In Section 1 the concept of ordinal inequality comparisons is developed and a theorem on ordinal comparisons of welfare inequality for distributional problems is noted. Section 2 is devoted to Harsanyi's (1955) argument that a concern for reducing welfare inequalities among persons must not enter social welfare judgements. In Section 3 an axiomatic derivation of Rawls' lexicographic maximim rule is presented; this relates closely to results established by Hammond (1975), d'Aspremont and Gevers (1975) and Strasnick (1975). In the last section the axioms used are examined and some alternative axioms are analysed with the aim of a discriminating evaluation of the Rawlsian approach to judgements on social welfare.Based on the text of a lecture delivered at the International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science in London, Ontario, Canada, on August 29th, 1975. Thanks are due to Peter Hammond and Kevin Roberts for helpful comments and criticisms.     

Gender inequalities in European unemployment benefit systems

The most important structural change which has occurred on the labour market over the past 30 years is the sustained and continued growth of female labour supply. Two-earner couples have become a majority in most European countries and lone parents, mostly women, are also on the rise. On the other hand, since 1975, labour market policies have altered the quality and nature of employment in Europe by promoting atypical forms of employment where women are overrepresented. The analysis has shown us that atypical employment results in restricted access to unemployment benefits. Moreover, combining the presence of more stringent conditions with derived rights results in more and more women being dependent upon their spouses for financial as well as social protection and can even have a disincentive effect on formal labour market participation.     

Science resource inequalities viewed as less wrong when girls are disadvantaged

In response to some resource inequalities, children give priority to moral concerns. Yet, in others, children show ingroup preferences in their evaluations and resource allocations. The present study built upon this knowledge by investigating children's and young adults’ (N = 144; 5–6-year-olds, M_age = 5.83, SD_age = .97; 9–11-year-olds, M_age = 10.74, SD_age = .68; and young adults, M_age = 19.92, SD_age = 1.10) evaluations and allocation decisions in a science inequality context. Participants viewed vignettes in which male and female groups received unequal amounts of science supplies, then evaluated the acceptability of the resource inequalities, allocated new boxes of science supplies between the groups, and provided justifications for their choices. Results revealed both children and young adults evaluated inequalities of science resources less negatively when girls were disadvantaged than when boys were disadvantaged. Further, 5- to 6-year-old participants and male participants rectified science resource inequalities to a greater extent when the inequality disadvantaged boys compared to when it disadvantaged girls. Generally, participants who used moral reasoning to justify their responses negatively evaluated and rectified the resource inequalities, whereas participants who used group-focused reasoning positively evaluated and perpetuated the inequalities, though some age and participant gender findings emerged. Together, these findings reveal subtle gender biases that may contribute to perpetuating gender-based science inequalities both in childhood and adulthood.     

Mutualism in the world: Ignorance, inequalities and market pressures

Anyone engaged on research who tries to get to know, evaluate and describe the mutual benefit movement in its worldwide context always comes up against the differences in terminology and in constitutions, as well as the disparate nature and unreliability of the financial statements: an international maze in which the observer is completely lost. In spite of the real efforts of the Association internationale de la mutualité (International Association of Mutual Benefit Societies — AIM), the European Community, the International Social Security Association (ISSA), the Institute of International Social Cooperation (ICOSI) and of universities, the history, assessment and evolution — both recent and comparative — of the mutual benefit movement remain largely "terra incognita".     

Home‐ownership,housing regimes and income inequalities in Western Europe

Norris M, Winston N. Home‐ownership, housing regimes and income inequalities in Western Europe This article compares the structural features of home‐ownership systems in European Union 15 (EU15) countries (home‐ownership rates, mortgages and public subsidisation of this tenure) with data on inequalities in outcomes (variations in home‐ownership access, risks and standards between income groups). Its purpose was to assess the relevance of the debate on the convergence and divergence of housing systems, which has dominated the comparative housing literature. The article concludes that, depending on the level of analysis adopted and the particular variables selected for examination, elements of both convergence and divergence are evident in Western European home‐ownership systems. The comparative housing literature has also largely failed to capture the key inter‐country cleavages in home‐ownership systems that are between the Northern and Southern EU15 countries. These shortcomings are related to methodological and conceptual problems in the literature.     

Privatization and some economic and social consequences: Higher incomes,greater inequalities

The past 14 years have witnessed profound political, social, and economic changes in the various countries that previously comprised the “Soviet bloc.” The antecedents to and the process of Hungarian privatization are examined in the present study, followed by an evaluation of some of the economic and social consequences of the systemic change. The change from one-party rule to a pluralistic democracy and from “goulash communism” to a market economy has been successful overall, but the necessary rationalization of production also resulted in growing inequalities in income and wealth and the appearance of social conflict.     

中国海洋强国的三大权力目标

海洋强国梦已成为中国社会各界的热门词汇,加强海上力量建设、发展海洋经济等已成为中国官方的正式宣言。然而发展是相对的,强弱也是相对的,中国究竟要在世界海洋秩序中谋求什么样的权力地位?无论是学术研究,还是政府政策规划,这都是一个远未澄清的问题。本文综合分析中国海洋强国崛起的条件及环境,结合中国的海上利益诉求,重点从必要性及可行性两个方面,系统分析阐述了中国海洋强国的三大权力目标,即地区性海上力量、国际海洋政治大国、世界海洋经济强国。     

Merit and Power

The merit principle, used as a way of removing biases in occupational structures, is flawed. The evaluation of merit is tied to the interests of those in positions of power, so that application of the merit principle is compatible with continued structural inequalities. In practice the concept of merit is used as a resource in organisational power struggles. A deeper problem with the merit principle is its acceptance of occupational hierarchies. A more fundamental equal opportunity requires some form of self-management.     

The effects of socioeconomic inequalities of working life on health: implications for an ageing population

Abstract

This study examines suggestions that inequalities in health related to socioeconomic status (SES) will increase in older age. A representative sample of the New Zealand population aged 55–70 years (N = 6662) responded to a postal questionnaire with measures of health (SF-36), SES, and health-related behaviours. Hierarchical multiple regressions supported predictions that the SES of working life will continue to influence physical and mental health in early old age. The strongest predictor was self-reported economic living standards. This subjective measure of SES is an important construct for future investigations of health and wellbeing among older people in an ageing population.     

通实力:对传统国家实力理论的传承与拓展

对通实力与硬实力软实力巧实力等传统国家实力观的概念、特点以及作用方式的异同加以比较,分析这些理论中通的成分和作用,并对通实力的概念及作用方式进行详细阐述,进而说明通实力是对传统国家实力理论的进一步传承与拓展,最后针对世界各国如何发展通实力提出,要注重运用联系和发展的观点,只有真正地打通了各国之间的隔阂,才能进一步加强国际联系与合作,实现共同发展.     

辽宁电力小史

1875年,法国巴黎北火车站建成世界上第一座发电厂.1913年,全世界的年发电量达500亿千瓦时,电力工业作为一个独立的工业部门,进入人类的生产活动领域.起始于1882年的中国电力工业,至1949年全国发电装机容量和发电量仅为185万千瓦和43亿千瓦时.改革开放之后,这个庞大的电力巨人,完成了从高度集中的计划管理体制到一个市场为导向的电力体制新格局的重大转变.建国初期,阜新发电厂的恢复和扩建工程是新中国诞生后156项重点工程之一.1952年#1汽轮机组竣工,毛泽东发来嘉勉电,高度赞扬了电力建设职工的新创举.     

Power and Policy Making

POLICY MAKING IN BRITISH GOVERNMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF POWER AND RATIONALITY BY Brian Smith.
COMPARATIVE PUBLIC POLICY: THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL CHOICE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA by Arnold Heidenheimer     

权力的分类

根据权力的来源、主体、客体、行使权力的方式、对人身影响的范围、行使的根据、作用和结果、性质和内容等标准将权力划分为若干种类。根据权力的性质和内容 ,重点分析了政治权力、经济权力、社会权力、宗教权力 ,展示了权力的内容和结构 ,揭示了权力的本质和特征。     

透明的力量

<正>如果说政务公开是一面镜子,那么新闻发布会就是定期擦玻璃的人。2009年,辽宁省人民政府新闻办公室紧紧围绕国家大局和省委、省政府中心工作,积极、有序、扎实地推进新闻发布工作,在组织协调新闻     

The Bases of Power and the Power/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence

This article provides a summary of work done by Raven and his colleagues on bases of power. It ranges from the initial work in 1959 of French and Raven through decades of follow-up work, and ties the work to that of others doing work on power bases. After the summary, the author responds to a series of questions that probe the work in greater depth, allowing explication of much of the thinking underlying and leading to publications of Raven and colleagues that are well known to social psychologists.     

提升电力营销水平兑现真诚服务承诺

辽河油田开发建设30多年来, 电力工业得到了长足发展。虽然油田电力服务主体对象没有改变,但是营销环节、营销内涵却随着电力市场的变化发生了根本性的转变。随着国家电力体制改革的逐步实施及石油系统的改革深入,如何适应电力供需形势,提升电力营销管理水平,全面兑现真诚服务,最终建立较为完善、适应油田供电公司的电力市场营销体系,是摆在面前的一个新课题,更是打造企业品牌、满足客户需求、规范营销管理的需要。     

结构性权力下的美国霸权

近年来 ,一直存在着关于美国霸权的争论 ,本文主要是从苏珊·斯特兰奇的结构性权力出发 ,根据冷战后的新形势对美国霸权作出评价。现实表明 ,在生产结构、安全结构、金融结构、知识结构上 ,美国依然分别占据着主导地位 ,而从整体结构上来说 ,这种优势是更加明显的。美国的霸权有别于以往霸权所表现出来的强迫性 ,它更体现出结构体系制约的新特性 ,这也使得我们需要更好地去分析这种结构性权力下的美国霸权。