对一类允许产品替代的库存系统的简化分析

具有可替代性的产品在实际中很常见,本文针对产品具有可替代性的库存管理问题,考虑了一个连续检查的库存系统,建立相应的库存模型,提出一种简化的近似方法,用于评价在不同的替代规则下系统的性能.最后通过与仿真结果的比较,验证了这种近似方法的有效性.     

基于产品替代理论的电信套餐管理策略分析

当前电信套餐产品设计体系杂乱无序,跟随效仿趋之若鹜,导致产品替代周期缩短,电信套餐产品价值降低,管理混乱不堪。深化电信套餐产品管理,延长产品替代周期成为运营商亟待解决的关键性课题。据此,本文以产品替代理论为基础,探讨电信套餐管理的有效策略与途径。     

单周期二人博弈可替代产品库存模型的应用研究

针对可替代产品库存管理问题,对单周期二人博弈可替代产品库存模型进行了实际算例分析和仿真,比较了决策者不同行为模式下的订货策略,为决策者制定有效的订货策略提供了依据。     

会计信息失真的经济学解析

会计信息失真是一个普遍存在的问题,究其原因可以从理性人假定、纳什均衡、风险报酬以及信息不对称等几个经济学的角度来分析。文章在原因分析后从完善相关法律加大处罚力度、订立激励与约束相容的报酬契约等四个方面提出了治理会计信息失真问题的对策。     

需求替代的两产品动态批量最优预测时阈研究

研究了存在需求单向替代的两产品动态批量决策的最优预测时阈问题.构建了包含替代成本、生产转换成本和库存成本在内的成本最小化模型,分析得出在只存在3类再生点(Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类)情形下的再生点单调性特征.同时,设计出了多项式时间的前向动态规划算法.运用数值试验分析了最优预测时阈与生产转换成本、替代成本、需求特征(需求增长性和...     

关于产量策略双寡头多维博弈模型及其分析

根据现实社会中的博弈现象,本文给出了多维博弈概念,并在文献[1]描述的多维博弈特征和策略型形式及多维Nash均衡基础上,分别讨论以两种产品产量为策略具有完全信息"静态"和"动态"寡头二维博弈模型及其二维Nash均衡。     

土地征收领域腐败的经济学分析

土地征收领域腐败高发源于地方政府在征地领域存在角色冲突、腐败收益畸高以及土地征收中的公共权力缺乏有效监督和制衡。应从积极化解政府角色冲突、压缩土地征收中的政府收益空间、规范土地征收监管秩序和构建均衡的权力体系等方面对土地征收领域的腐败进行有效预防和治理。     

电子商务下中间商模式交易成本的经济学分析

本文运用经济学的理论与方法,对电子商务条件下网络中间商模式进行了分析和探讨,并以一种跨学科的研究视角,对中间商模式的内涵与交易成本进行了重新审视,力求为网络中间商模式的创新活动提供一些新的思路。     

基于MNL选择模型的替代产品定价和库存决策研究

受现实中生产商和大型零售商不同契约关系的启发,本文以两个生产商和一个零售商组成的系统为对象,从顾客在两种替代性产品之间的选择行为出发,分别研究了零售商定价和生产商定价模式下的最优产品定价和库存决策。研究表明,在MNL选择模型下,零售商联合定价时应当选择使得产品单位利润相等的定价策略;生产商定价博弈中存在唯一的Nash均衡。数值实验分别考察了"生产商强势"和"零售商强势"两种情形下的最优决策和利润分配情况;实验结果能给相关企业的销售模式选择带来有益的管理启示。     

考虑产品可替换的再制造产品选择决策

再制造是处理回收产品的一种重要方式.本文研究了一种简单的产品可替换的再制造决策模型,再制造商生产的产品有高质量和低质量两种,高质量的再制造产品数量超过需求量时,可以作为低质量产品的替换品销售.最后通过仿真算例说明了产品可替换策略比不可替换具有优势.     

替代策略在二级供应链库存管理中的作用

把经典的报童模型扩展到了两产品情况,其中一种产品有多余库存时可以替代另外一种缺货的产品进行销售,探讨了可替代产品在由一个供应商和一个销售商组成的二级供应链中的作用.以二级供应链系统为背景,分别提出了采取替代策略和不采取替代策略两种情况下的stackelberg博弈模型,给出了博弈的Nash均衡解,并分析了这两种情况下供应商的批发价和销售商的订货量随着两种产品的单位销售成本取值不同时的变化.数值分析表明当采取替代策略时,供应商的收益增加,销售商的收益减少,最终供应链的整体收益水平提高了.     

Changes in Product Attributes and Costs as Drivers of New Product Diffusion and Substitution

Diffusion theory has typically focused on how communication, internal or external to a social system, leads to adoptions and diffusion of an innovation. We develop a diffusion and substitution model based on a somewhat different perspective. In some cases, progressive improvements in product attributes and/or continual cost reduction seem to be a key driver of the diffusion process. For example, after introduction of the 5.25‐inch disk drive, its capacity continually increased, and accordingly, so did customer willingness‐to‐pay. Our model is based on a linear reservation price framework, in which a product is described by its depth (defined as the difference between a product̂s maximum reservation price and its production cost), and its breadth (related to the slope of its reservation price curve), indicating how broadly it appeals across various customer segments. Because of changes in product depths and breadths over time, customers who previously preferred the old product may later prefer the new product, thus creating the diffusion process. While the Bass model describes diffusion as a function of the coefficients of innovation and imitation, in our model, it is described by the coefficients of depth and breadth (the rates of change in relative depth and breadth), along with an S‐coefficient that we associate with the technology S‐curve. We fit our model to data from the disk‐drive and the microprocessor industries.     

Pricing and Replenishment of Competing Perishable Product Variants under Dynamic Demand Substitution

I consider pricing and ordering decisions faced by a retailer selling a perishable product with a two‐period shelf life over an infinite horizon. In the first period, the product is “new”; in the next, it becomes “old.” The new product is perceived by customers to have a higher quality than the old product. Every period, the retailer makes three decisions: prices for the new and old products and how much new product to order. I first show, with some simple cases, that demand uncertainty can make the sale of the old product profitable. I then consider a more realistic case with dynamic demand substitution among customers. I recognize that the retailer's decisions may be constant or may vary across different periods, under different contexts. For instance, varying the price of the new product can sometimes be difficult due to the negative impact it generates among customers. I find that (i) the benefit obtained from selling the old product with constant decisions is much higher than the benefit from allowing all the decisions to vary; (ii) the former benefit increases with a higher procurement cost, a higher quality of the new product, and higher demand volatility; however, the latter benefit is non‐monotone in these parameters; (iii) most of the latter benefit can be obtained by just changing the order quantity; and (iv) as the inventory of the old product increases, when all the decisions vary, the optimal price of the new product may increase or decrease.     

网络组织的经济学分析

首先从经济学角度阐明了网络型组织的产生是组织结构演进的必然结果;在此基础上,指明了网络型组织的本质特征和基本功能它是一种合作竞争型准市场组织,能够降低生产成本和交易成本,实现规模经济扩张,优化资源配置.     

Optimal Policies for a Two‐Product Inventory System under a Flexible Substitution Scheme

We study a two‐product inventory model that allows substitution. Both products can be used to supply demand over a selling season of N periods, with a one‐time replenishment opportunity at the beginning of the season. A substitution could be offered even when the demanded product is available. The substitution rule is flexible in the sense that the seller can choose whether or not to offer substitution and at what price or discount level, and the customer may or may not accept the offer, with the acceptance probability being a decreasing function of the substitution price. The decisions are the replenishment quantities at the beginning of the season, and the dynamic substitution‐pricing policy in each period of the season. Using a stochastic dynamic programming approach, we present a complete solution to the problem. Furthermore, we show that the objective function is concave and submodular in the inventory levels—structural properties that facilitate the solution procedure and help identify threshold policies for the optimal substitution/pricing decisions. Finally, with a state transformation, we also show that the objective function is ‐concave, which allows us to derive similar structural properties of the optimal policy for multiple‐season problems.     

Measuring the Impact of Increased Product Substitution on Pricing and Capacity Decisions Under Linear Demand Models

We consider two substitutable products and compare two alternative measures of product substitutability for linear demand functions that are commonly used in the literature. While one leads to unrealistically high prices and profits as products become more substitutable, the results obtained using the other measure are in line with intuition. Using the more appropriate measure of product substitutability, we study the optimal investment mix in flexible and dedicated capacities in both monopoly and oligopoly settings. We find that the optimal investment in manufacturing flexibility tends to decrease as the products become closer substitutes; this is because (1) pricing can be used more effectively to balance supply and demand, and (2) the gains obtained by shifting production to the more profitable product are reduced due to increased correlation between the price potentials of the substitutable products. The value of flexibility always increases with demand variability. We also show that, as long as the optimal investments in dedicated capacity for both products are positive, the optimal expected prices and production quantities do not depend on the cost of the flexible capacity. Manufacturing flexibility simply allows the firm to achieve those expected values with lower capacity, while leading to higher expected profits.     

PDM在航空企业中的特点及应用

本文简要分析了产品数据管理的定义及一般功能.以沈飞新一代波音公司737尾段项目的产品数据管理为例,分析了航空企业产品数据管理的特点.提出了产品数据管理的系统框架方案,指出建立基于PDM的CAD、CAPP、CAM信息系统的集成是沈飞公司产品数据管理的一条有效途径.     

基于能源替代与环境污染治理的两阶段经济增长路径研究

研究了一个包含污染治理和能源替代的两阶段经济增长模型,首先利用动态最优化方法,基于社会福利最大化目标给出了分别由传统能源支撑和新能源支撑经济系统的经济增长速度、污染变化速度以及最优的污染治理投资占总产出的比例。然后借助两阶段最优化理论,得到了最优替代节点所满足的方程,发现经济结构、技术水平等因素都会对最优替代节点产生影响。最后通过数值模拟给出了经济最优增长路径以及相关参数对最优替代节点的影响程度。结果显示,最优的能源替代节点处经济增长不连续,新能源支撑的经济发展速度要高于传统能源支持的经济增长速度;如果传统能源支撑的经济系统污染的产出弹性较大,则在能源替代发生以后可能需要更多的时间治理已经产生的污染;另外提高污染治理效率会延缓能源替代,而提高技术对污染的控制效率可以促进能源替代进程。