创业导向与探索式创新的关系：一个双中介效应模型

  创业导向对探索式创新的影响决定创业企业在不确定商业生态环境中的市场机会捕捉能力和价值创造效果。虽然已有研究部分证实了创业导向与探索式创新的相互作用,但面对创业企业生存环境不确定性更高、资源约束更明显的事实,创业企业如何借助合理的战略决策和高效的资源使用行为帮助自身实现由生存到发展的过渡显得尤为重要,鲜有研究对此类问题予以深入探讨。         基于战略创业理论、创新管理理论和资源基础观理论,以创业导向为解释变量,以探索式创新为被解释变量,引入战略灵活性和创业拼凑两个可能影响导向与产出关系的关键要素,探讨创业导向对探索式创新的直接影响,以及战略灵活性和创业拼凑可能起到的特殊中介作用。借鉴并改进已有研究的成熟量表形成问卷,选取深圳的创业企业为调研对象,以电子邮件的形式发放问卷,基于最终获得的283份有效问卷,采用结构方程和双中介模型的研究方法,全面检验创业导向、战略灵活性、创业拼凑与探索式创新之间的关系。         研究结果表明,创业导向、战略灵活性和创业拼凑均对探索式创新产生促进作用;创业导向与战略灵活性呈显著的正相关关系,也对创业拼凑产生积极影响;战略灵活性与创业拼凑呈显著的正相关关系。创业拼凑在创业导向与探索式创新之间和战略灵活性与探索式创新之间起部分中介作用。由战略灵活性和创业拼凑形成的中介链部分中介了创业导向与探索式创新之间的关系。         研究结论从导向-策略-行为-产出的研究框架拓展了战略创业理论的研究内容,揭示了创业导向、战略灵活性、创业拼凑与探索式创新之间的关系机理,为创业企业理解战略灵活性和创业拼凑的影响、充分实践和发挥创业导向的创新精神、促进探索式创新活动的持续开展提供了重要的理论依据和经验证据。     

CEO双元领导与企业创新导向的关系

 领导行为是影响企业内部决策和创新导向的重要因素之一,已有研究大多集中于CEO单一领导行为对创新的影响,未能解释CEO如何处理高管团队创新决策过程中团队整体性与成员差异性之间的矛盾。因此,从高管团队层面探讨CEO双元领导行为的作用具有必要性。另外,企业创新导向还可能受到企业类型的间接影响。        基于信息处理理论和资源依赖理论,将CEO双元领导划分为相对授权维度和组合维度,探讨CEO双元领导对企业创新导向的影响。将企业类型划分为在位企业和新创企业,以企业类型为调节变量,研究在位企业与新创企业CEO双元领导行为作用的差异。通过对中国东部、中部和西部6个不同省份的企业进行问卷调研,共收集126份有效样本,采用Spss 13.0的逐步回归分析方法进行实证检验。        研究结果表明,CEO双元领导的相对授权维度与创新导向的关系呈倒U形,即适度水平的授权型领导行为有利于企业开展创新;CEO双元领导的组合维度能促进创新导向,即CEO授权型领导与命令型领导对创新导向具有互补作用。在位企业与新创企业的相对授权维度与创新导向的关系截然相反,即在在位企业中两者关系为倒U形,而在新创企业中两者关系呈U形;与新创企业相比,在位企业中组合维度与创新导向的关系更强。        在理论方面,考虑双元领导两个维度对创新导向的影响,呼吁学者增强对双元领导的关注,丰富了双元领导与创新领域的研究;以企业类型为调节变量,将资源依赖理论引入双元领导的研究中,丰富了双元领导的研究视角。在实践方面,CEO应根据企业类型调整领导行为,为战略领导力和管理实践提供新的见解。     

战略柔性、战略创新和管理创新之间关系的研究

 创新对于企业发展、产业转型和国家竞争优势塑造的重要作用得到理论和实践界的一致认可,但在技术竞争加剧的环境下,通过技术手段领先竞争者以维持企业增长和竞争力的可能性正在下降,非技术领域(如战略理念和管理实践)的创新正逐步成为企业竞争中更为关键的核心要素。但关于战略柔性与创新之间关系的研究往往局限在技术创新领域,大量已有研究基于动态能力理论探讨战略柔性对企业技术创新的作用,缺乏对非技术创新的探讨。        基于资源基础理论和动态能力理论,将战略柔性分为资源柔性和协调柔性两个维度,构建这两个维度与战略创新和管理创新两种非技术形式创新之间关系的整合性研究框架,探讨战略柔性对战略创新和管理创新影响的差异化路径关系、与战略创新和管理创新之间的因果路径关系,以及战略创新在战略柔性与管理创新之间的中介作用机制。以303份中国制造业企业配对调研数据为样本,采用结构方程模型,对7个假设进行实证检验。        研究结果表明,战略柔性对战略创新和管理创新均存在积极影响,战略创新能够促进管理创新的培育;战略柔性对战略创新和管理创新的作用路径存在差异,即对战略创新通过直接路径施加影响,对管理创新除直接效应外,还存在以战略创新为中介的间接影响路径,即战略创新在战略柔性与管理创新之间起部分中介作用。        通过构建战略柔性对两种非技术创新的影响框架,呼吁增加对创新研究中非技术创新的关注,促进企业内部创新系统中战略创新与管理创新两种不同层面创新之间的双向理论融合,并为提高和重塑中国制造业竞争优势提供关键的实践指导。     

大股东对经理人信任、控制机制与企业新产品开发绩效的实证研究

分析大股东对经理人信任如何影响企业新产品开发绩效,并对比不同控制方式下,信任对新产品开发影响的差异。基于150家制造企业的实证研究表明,大股东对经理人越信任,越有利于企业新产品开发绩效的提高;大股东对经理人信任通过促进企业家导向,间接作用于企业新产品开发绩效;财务控制倒U型调节信任与新产品开发之间的关系;战略控制正向调节信任与企业家导向之间的关系。     

创新网络嵌入与高技术企业研发人员创新绩效关系研究

 创新驱动的实质是人才驱动,企业技术管理的重要核心之一是人员管理。研发人员是高技术企业的核心人力资本和主导资源,具有典型的稀缺性、创造性、主导性、体验性以及高信息需求等异质性特征,能否采取切实有效措施满足研发人员的异质性需求,激活其创新潜力和活力,是提升高技术企业创新绩效和管理技术人员的关键。        聚焦于高技术企业研发人员的异质性需求特征,运用创新网络嵌入理论,提出创新网络嵌入、创新效能感与创新绩效的关系假设模型;借鉴成熟量表,设计相关测量变量的调查问卷;利用Spss 19.0和Amos 21.0软件,对北京、上海、武汉、广州等地高技术企业研发人员的269个调查数据进行分析,考察创新网络嵌入对研发人员创新绩效的影响和作用机理,并验证创新效能感的中介作用。        研究结果表明,高技术企业研发人员的创新网络结构嵌入对创新过程和创新结果均具有显著正向影响,而关系嵌入仅对创新过程具有正向影响;创新网络结构嵌入和关系嵌入对创新效能感均具有显著正向影响,创新效能感对创新过程和创新结果具有显著正向影响;创新效能感在研发人员结构嵌入和关系嵌入对创新过程的影响中起完全中介作用,在结构嵌入对创新结果的影响中起部分中介作用。        从技术人员创新绩效管理的微观视角入手,探究高技术企业研发人员创新绩效的内涵、实质和影响因素,对高技术企业研发人员的创新网络嵌入与创新绩效的关系、创新效能感的中介作用以及创新网络嵌入与创新绩效的关系研究中关系嵌入悖论进行实证检验和解读,提出提升高技术企业研发人员创新绩效的创新网络嵌入式开发策略,包括聚焦产学研战略协同和集群创新、强化关系网络建设和位置管理、营造宽松氛围以提升创新效能感等。     

双元领导对亲社会性沉默的影响

 亲社会性沉默可能是唯一能产生积极影响的沉默行为,当前对亲社会性沉默的前因研究尚显不足。激烈的竞争环境要求领导者具备双元能力,关于双元领导效应的研究主要集中在创新领域,而领导者结构化了员工的工作环境,将会影响员工的认知和行为,并且沉默行为主要由领导者造成。因此,探讨双元领导对亲社会性沉默的影响具有重要的理论和实践意义。        整合不确定管理理论和权力社会距离理论,以210名企业员工为样本,运用Spss 22和Mplus 7进行层次回归分析和验证性因子分析,探讨权力视角下双元领导对员工亲社会性沉默的影响,检验个人权力感知的中介作用以及中庸思维和权力距离导向的调节作用,揭示双元领导影响员工亲社会性沉默的内在机制。        研究结果表明,①双元领导正向影响员工亲社会性沉默,个人权力感知负向影响员工亲社会性沉默;②个人权力感知在双元领导与亲社会性沉默间起完全中介作用;③中庸思维负向调节双元领导与个人权力感知的关系;④权力距离导向正向调节个人权力感知与亲社会性沉默的关系。        实证检验双元领导对亲社会性沉默的影响,拓展了沉默行为相关研究;选取权力视角的双元领导为切入点,丰富了双元领导影响的研究;探讨亲社会性沉默的中介机制,从权力距离导向视角验证了个人权力感知对沉默行为的影响;通过引入中庸思维和权力距离导向作为调节变量,有效回应了管理学本土化研究倡议。研究结论对组织管理实践具有一定的指导意义。     

关系强度对团队创造力 的作用机理研究

  关系强度直接作用于信息的获取、传递、整合和利用,是影响团队创造力形成的重要因素。然而,目前学者多将团队内外关系强度割裂开,并未意识到其影响团队创造力的方式全然不同,且研究结论存在差异甚至结论相反。         基于社会网络理论和认知信息加工理论视角,揭示组织中团队关系强度对团队创造力的作用机理,即探讨团队关系强度对团队创造力的影响过程中团队信息深化的中介作用以及团队工作标准化的调节作用,同时探索团队外部和内部关系强度的协同作用。通过便利抽样,收集四川、重庆和贵州的73个团队的调研数据,利用Spss 21.0和Amos 17.0统计分析软件对理论模型进行检验。         研究结果表明,团队外部和内部关系强度均对团队创造力产生显著的正向影响,且二者相互增益而非替代;团队信息深化在团队关系强度与团队创造力之间起部分中介作用;团队工作标准化在团队信息深化与团队创造力之间起负向调节作用;团队工作标准化负向调节团队关系强度经由团队信息深化对团队创造力的间接影响,即团队可以通过搭建起团队外部和内部的强关系,激发个体层面的认知资源在团队层面进行交换、共享和整合,在低团队工作标准化的情景中,团队信息深化将带来更多新颖的、有用的想法。         通过厘清组织中团队外部和内部关系强度的作用,弥补了团队关系强度如何激发团队创造力的研究不足;引入团队信息深化的路径探索,丰富了团队创造力实现路径的理论认识;拓展团队工作标准化至团队创造力研究领域,提供了实践中权衡标准化与灵活性来确保团队有效性的微观知识基础。研究结果不仅有利于深化团队关系强度在创造力领域的研究,而且有助于指导中国组织情景下团队层面的创造性活动。     

聚沙成塔:员工创造力如何转化为团队创新

  创新对于当代企业的生存和发展起着至关重要的作用，尤其是团队创新的意义更加突出，能够为企业发展提供强大动能。学者们对于如何激发创造力进行了广泛研究，但是对于员工创造力如何转化为团队创新仍需进一步探索和验证。创意倡导被认为是员工创造力转化为团队创新的关键阶段，但在理论和实践层面创意倡导如何发挥作用、这一转化过程受到何种情景因素的影响还较少被关注。         基于创新的多阶段理论，通过跨层次分析方法，探索员工创造力如何转化为团队创新，进一步考察团队结构化程度在其中的调节作用。选取中部某高新区的14家企业，利用多时段配对问卷调查方法，分两阶段收集来自49个团队的264名员工的有效配对问卷数据，使用Spss 21.0和HLM 7.0进行跨层次的层级回归分析，检验员工创造力转化为团队创新的过程以及团队结构化程度的调节作用。         研究结果表明，①员工创造力显著正向影响创意倡导行为。②创意倡导行为显著正向影响团队创新。③员工创造力差异性显著负向影响团队创新。④团队结构化程度正向调节员工创造力与创意倡导之间的关系，即团队结构化程度越高，员工创造力与创意倡导之间的正向关系越强。⑤团队结构化程度负向调节员工创造力差异性与团队创新之间的关系，即团队结构化程度越高，员工创造力差异性与团队创新之间的负向关系越弱。         研究进一步厘清了创造力与创新之间的关系。基于创新的多阶段理论探讨员工创造力如何转化为团队创新，拓展了创新研究的理论视角，明确了个体层面的创造力转化为团队层面的实际创新动能的实现路径，从多层面拓展了团队创新的影响因素，并发掘了团队结构化程度对于创新的积极作用。研究结果启示管理者要加大创意倡导行为的宣传力度，降低员工创造力差异性，提高团队结构化程度，以促进团队创新。     

上级发展性反馈与创造力：一个被调节的中介模型

 在当前复杂和快速变革的环境中,创造力对组织获取竞争优势至关重要。作为与创造力相关联的重要因素,研究者们对于领导行为对创造力的作用保持了长期的关注。反馈不仅是领导者日常行为的重要组成部分之一,也是组织中常用的激励和行为矫正工具。        以自我效能理论和关系认同理论为基础,从领导和组织成员互动视角,探讨上级发展性反馈对组织成员创造力的影响及其内在机制。采用问卷调查方法,通过3阶段分时序方式,收集来自某综合性重点大学所属科研团队的442位科研人员及其领导的配对数据,运用层次回归和Bootstrap方法进行数据分析和假设验证。        研究结果表明,①上级发展性反馈正向影响组织成员创造力;②创新自我效能部分中介上级发展性反馈与组织成员创造力之间的关系;③组织成员对领导的关系认同感调节上级发展性反馈与创新自我效能之间的关系,并进一步调节创新自我效能在上级发展性反馈与组织成员创造力之间的中介作用,即当组织成员对领导的关系认同感高时创新自我效能的中介作用显著,而当关系认同感低时创新自我效能的中介作用不显著。        研究结果在一定程度上扩展了对于领导反馈与创造力间关系的理解,丰富了上级发展性反馈影响创造力的内在机制的探索,发现了上级发展性反馈影响组织成员创造力的重要边界之一,也一定程度上丰富了关系认同理论的运用范围,领导者可以通过提供发展性反馈以及与组织成员建立良好的关系来促进其创造力。     

企业战略导向与供应链柔性的关系——以“联想”为例

笔者对企业战略导向与供应链柔性的关系进行探究,首先回顾相关文献,构建战略导向和供应链柔性测度;然后,以"联想"为例进行分析,初步得出企业战略导向对供应链柔性的影响;最后,对本研究进行了展望。     

市场导向对组织创造力的非线性作用机理——组织二元结构文化与创业导向的影响研究

在我国加快实施创新驱动发展战略中,如何提升企业组织创造力以促使企业创新变得至关重要。企业战略是影响组织创造力和创新的重要情境因素。市场导向和创业导向是新兴经济体国家的企业发展的战略核心。然而,现有研究对市场导向与企业创造性产出之间关系的观点却不一致。创业导向如何影响市场导向对组织创造力的作用也尚未得到关注和研究。本研究以145家企业的979份高层管理人员与核心员工的套问卷数据为样本,研究发现：市场导向对组织创造力产生倒U型影响,且倒U型影响通过二元结构文化（一致性文化与适应性文化）的不同传导机制而产生,即：一致性文化在市场导向与组织创造力之间正向中介效应随市场导向的增强而减弱,并在高度市场导向时转变为负向中介效应,而适应性文化在市场导向和组织创造力之间发挥部分中介效应。研究还发现：市场导向对组织创造力的倒U型影响受创业导向的调节作用,即：当创业导向较高时,市场导向对组织创造力的积极影响随市场导向的增强而逐渐增强,反之,则逐渐减弱。研究结论为提升企业组织创造力提供新的思路和理论参考。     

Culture and cross-functional coopetition: The interplay of organizational and national culture

Scholars now recognize coopetition—the joint occurrence of cooperation and competition—between functional units as an important factor for a firm's learning and performance. We know little, however, about the drivers of cross-functional coopetition and in particular the roles of organizational culture and national culture. This study introduces cross-functional coopetition to the international management literature by illuminating the cultural antecedents of cross-functional coopetition. Specifically, we develop a cross-cultural model to analyze the influence of organizational and national culture on cross-functional coopetition. Drawing on a dataset of 646 companies from seven countries, we theoretically advance and empirically validate the influence of organizational culture and the moderating role of individualism and uncertainty avoidance on cross-functional coopetition. Organizational cultural dimensions directly enhance cross-functional coopetition. Furthermore, strong social values of individualism and uncertainty avoidance weaken the relationship between organizational culture and cross-functional coopetition. This study provides a novel perspective on how organizational culture can represent a strategic resource by illuminating the cultural mechanisms that influence coopetition within the firm.     

Examining Facilitative Configurations of Entrepreneurially Oriented Growth: An Information Processing Perspective

This study examines how the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm growth is shaped by learning orientation in technologically sophisticated environments. We draw upon an information processing perspective that emphasizes alignment between information processing demands and support mechanisms. Using data from 116 small to medium‐sized enterprises in the Netherlands, we observe that the ability of entrepreneurial orientation to drive firm growth greatly depends on the joint consideration of technological sophistication and learning orientation. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of how configurations of strategic orientations and environmental considerations work in concert to influence the efficacy of organizational entrepreneurial efforts dramatically.     

Leadership of highly creative people in highly creative fields: A historiometric study of scientific leaders

In recent years there has been a marked increase in the study of the influence of leadership on creativity, and the effects of this relationship on organizational performance. While a number of explanations have been broached with regard to the positive effects of leadership on creativity, many of these studies propose different, and often contradictory, methods for leaders to achieve these positive effects on creativity within their organizations and work groups. Additionally, little work has been done examining the effects of leadership on highly creative people in fields requiring creativity. The purpose of this study is to examine two existing leadership theories with regard to their viability as models to explain creative performance of eminent scientists. Eminent scientists represent a population of leaders of highly creative individuals in a field that values the production of innovative ideas and products as a marker of performance. Ninety-three excerpts from the biographies of scientists were content coded for leader behaviors and performance criteria. The results of this analysis indicate that a model based on strategic planning and product championing may serve to explain the positive effects of leadership on creativity in a highly creative population.     

Ethics and human resource management and development in a global context: case study of an Indian multinational

A firm's orientation to ethics is influenced largely by its national and organizational culture. Research shows that a growing number of Indian firms place a distinct emphasis on long-term orientation to business strategy with a social mission, underpinned by firm commitment to core organizational values, employee development and welfare. Through a case study of a large Indian multinational conglomerate, this article provides preliminary evidence of how some emerging economy firms are successfully mixing and matching indigenous business and people management strategies with the Western emphasis on meritocracy and professionalism to compete in the contemporary global economy. It further shows how the human resource development (HRD) discipline can play a pro-active role in embedding ethics and values throughout the organizational and HR architecture. The HRD professionals in the case study firm also face several structural and cultural challenges in discharging their ethics-driven HR mandate, such as management's ethnocentric attitude to global staffing and clash of work cultures.     

The importance of innovation leadership in cultivating strategic fit and enhancing firm performance

This study examines the importance of innovation leadership in cultivating the strategic fit of an organization with its environment, and enhancing various economic, relationship, and product performance outcomes. It thus explores how innovation leadership enables a firm to change and adapt to its external environment and by implication enhance its performance. The results of data collected from 117 firms show that innovation leadership, both directly and through increased strategic fit, significantly enhances firm performance. Implications for research on strategic and innovation leadership and adaptive organizational systems are discussed.     

Market Orientation,Ownership Type,and E‐Business Assimilation: Evidence from Chinese Firms

While more and more firms have implemented e‐business in business operations, a better understanding of the factors that successfully drive the assimilation of e‐business will provide insights for firm executives and practitioners to develop effective strategies for e‐business. Different from previous studies that focus on individual‐level factors related to business executives and top management teams, this study examines how firm‐level strategic and cultural factors shape e‐business assimilation. Based on the strategy and marketing literature on market orientation and firm ownership, we developed a research model to describe how a firm's market orientation impacts e‐business assimilation. The model also describes the moderating effect of firm ownership type on the relationship between market orientation and e‐business assimilation. Based on data from 301 Chinese international trade firms, we found that two dimensions of market orientation (i.e., customer orientation, competitor orientation) had significant effects on e‐business assimilation. However, the third dimension, interfunctional coordination, was only partially significant. In addition, ownership type was a significant moderator of the effects of customer orientation and competitor orientation on e‐business assimilation, although ownership type was not a moderator of interfunctional coordination. Being one of the first studies of the impact of market orientation and firm ownership type on e‐business assimilation, we conclude with a discussion of the implications for future research and practice.     

Leader–member exchange (LMX), job autonomy,and creative work involvement

Researchers have claimed that high quality of supervisor–employee relationships (i.e., leader–member exchange; LMX) fosters creativity at work. Moreover, researchers have acknowledged that this relationship is not clear-cut but rather complex. The present study focused on the moderating role of job autonomy in the LMX-creative work involvement relationship. Longitudinal field survey data (N = 144) collected in a high-technology firm revealed a positive association between LMX and creative work involvement and confirmed our assumptions on the moderating role of job autonomy. The positive relationship between LMX and creative work involvement was stronger when employees experienced greater job autonomy. Our findings point to the importance of considering the interplay of both, the leader–member relationship and job design issues for increasing employees' creative work involvement.     

Managerial commitment to the status quo and corporate divestiture: Can power motivate openness to change?

CEOs' commitment to the status quo (CSQ) is a prominent psychological factor leading to their resistance to organizational change. In this study we focus on the moderating role of managerial power, a central element in strategic choice, in the relationship between CEOs' CSQ and corporate divestiture activity. Drawing from the resource dependence perspective of power, we identify multiple aspects of power (structural, ownership, prestige/social, and expert power) that reduce CEOs' resistance to corporate change arising from CSQ. This study contributes to the strategic leadership and organizational change literatures by underscoring the importance of considering how different power bases shape the decision making of top managers who may have tendencies to hold onto firm assets when the situation warrants change. With a better understanding of how various power bases may uniquely influence strategic outcomes in the presence of managerial psychological bias, we can more accurately assess the impact of power on firms' strategic actions.     

Drivers of Corporate Social Responsibility: the Role of Formal Strategic Planning and Firm Culture

Scholars have paid considerable attention to studying the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm performance. Yet, little empirical research demonstrates what actually shapes or drives CSR. This paper builds a case that formal strategic planning is one such driver in that it creates awareness of and formulates responses to stakeholder demands for CSR. However, exploring single variable relationships is problematic, as other important endogenous factors need to be considered in explaining CSR. Specifically, firm culture is identified as influencing a firm's orientation towards the responsible treatment of stakeholders. One such cultural factor, humanistic culture, is argued to have a positive effect on CSR. By studying a sample of heterogeneous firms in Australia, results demonstrate that a formal strategic planning effort is positively linked to CSR. Further, a humanistic culture positively impacts CSR, after accounting for a firm's formal planning efforts.