Changes in the family status of elderly women in Korea

As a result of sharp declines in fertility and mortality, the aging of the Korean population has proceeded rapidly and is likely to continue in full force for some time. In societies such as Korea, where families traditionally have been the only efficient source of support for the elderly, an aging population poses a threat because families have fewer descendants available to care for increasing numbers of surviving elderly persons. The exact magnitude of the reduction in the supply of kin depends on details of the demographic trends and cannot be evaluated a priori. In this paper we use family-status life tables to assess the effects of changes in demographic processes on the family status of elderly women and to project trends in elderly women's family status.     

Marital instability and the economic status of women

This paper uses longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the relationship between changes in marital status and economic status. Differences between men and women and between whites and blacks are also considered. A major finding is that, after adjusting for changes in family size, the economic status of divorced or separated men improves, while that of women declines. Components of income change are discussed, with special emphasis on changes in the labor force and welfare status of women who were divorced or separated during the analysis period. Finally, data on the magnitude and distribution of alimony/child-support payments are presented.     

The transition to parenthood in Puerto Rico: Occupational status and the timing of first births

This study examines the relationship between occupational status and fertility timing during a period of rapid development in Puerto Rico. Our fundamental hypothesis is that women with higher status occupations face greater opportunity costs than those with less valued jobs and therefore will be more likely to postpone parenthood until later ages than women without such high costs. We test this hypothesis using event history techniques with data from the 1982 Puerto Rico Fertility and Family Planning Assessment, an island-wide survey of women between the ages of 15 and 49. The analysis examines the effects of occupational status on the timing of first births, and finds strong support for the basic hypothesis, especially regarding the post-ponement of teen births. After the teen years, the effects are less pronounced. Overall, it appears that employment opportunities have played an important role in childbearing decisions in Puerto Rico.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Denver, Colorado, 30 April–2 May 1992.     

江苏人口职业结构变迁与影响因素分析

人口职业结构变迁既是社会发展和经济发展的结果,也是社会及其经济发展程度的一个重要标志,社会结构的发展和经济结构的变迁可以通过人口职业结构的变迁表现出来。本文力图通过1978-2009年江苏地区相关统计数据分析,对江苏省人口职业结构变迁及其影响因素进行了深入分析。结果认为：经济结构与产业结构的优化调整,教育事业的快速发展积极推动了江苏省人口职业结构的变化,同时,人口结构的变化又为经济结构与产业结构的优化调整,教育事业的快速发展提供了基础资源。     

广东省在业人口职业结构时空变迁：1982—2005

本文通过对人口普查数据资料的整理,分析了广东省改革开放以来职业结构时空变迁的趋势,研究发现,广东省职业结构变迁的特点与产业结构的变化及区域发展差异有显著相关。在此基础上,探讨了广东省职业结构优化的对策。     

The interrelations of marital status,fertility, family size and intelligence test scores

In this paper data relating to men born in 1924 in the two southernmost counties of Sweden, and called up for military service in 1944 are analyzed. The population registers yield certain demographic and social information about these men, and this may be related to their performance in an intelligence test administered when they were called up. The association between test scores and level of schooling on one hand, and such variables as nuptiality, age at marriage, number of sibs, marital fertility, the incidence of pre-nuptial conceptions and occupational class is discussed, and an estimate of the influence of differential fertility on the trend of intelligence is given.     

The development of social statistics and indicators on the status of women

In developing social statistics and indicators on the status of women, three requirements must be satisfied. First, existing measures of prevalent demographic, socio-economic, and socio-cultural conditions must be more fully utilized. Second, some improvements in these measures, together with certain new measures and data sets are needed. Finally, agreed standards of comparison for gauging the relative status of women must be established. In each of the above subject-areas, some widely available statistics and derived measures are examined with respect to their adequacy for describing women's living conditions and assessing their status. Proposals are then offered for additional measures and new data collection efforts designed to reduce the deficiencies or gaps in existing data and provide a sounder basis for assessing the status of women in different societies.     

Changes in childlessness for all women in the United States: A reply to Spencer

The analysis of changes in childlessness as opposed to structural correlates of childlessness is quite new. Our focus on indicators of such changes called for a macro-analytic framework which would permit the test of changing features of population characteristics and the relationship between structural changes in different population cohorts. An appropriate data set was one that would permit the analysis ofchanging levels ofchildlessness in age cohorts and the changes in population characteristics which would offer possible explanations for the changing childlessness pattern.     

Changes in childlessness for all women in the United States: A reply to Spencer

Abstract The analysis of changes in childlessness as opposed to structural correlates of childlessness is quite new. Our focus on indicators of such changes called for a macro-analytic framework which would permit the test of changing features of population characteristics and the relationship between structural changes in different population cohorts. An appropriate data set was one that would permit the analysis ofchanging levels ofchildlessness in age cohorts and the changes in population characteristics which would offer possible explanations for the changing childlessness pattern.     

Labour-market status and first-time parenthood: the experience of immigrant women in Sweden, 1981-97

This paper investigates the impact of labour-market attachment on first births of foreign-born women in Sweden. The study uses a longitudinal, register-based dataset consisting of the entire population of immigrants from ten nations and a 5-per-cent random sample of natives. The effects of earned income are evident, with increased income levels increasing the probability of becoming a mother for all observed nationalities. The effects of various forms of participation and non-participation in the labour force do not vary greatly between immigrants and the Swedish-born. Among all subgroups, we find a higher propensity to begin childbearing among those who are established in the labour market. Contrary to popular belief, receiving welfare benefits clearly reduces first-birth intensity for immigrants but not for natives. The similarity in patterns across widely different national groups supports the notion that various institutional factors affecting all subgroups are crucial in influencing childbearing behaviour.     

Differences in labour force participation by motherhood status among second-generation Turkish and majority women across Europe

Second-generation Turkish immigrants make up an increasingly important segment of European labour markets. These young adults are entering the prime working ages and forming families. However, we have only a limited understanding of the relationship between labour force participation and parenthood among second-generation Turkish women. Using unique data from the Integration of the European Second Generation survey (2007/08), we compared the labour force participation of second-generation Turkish women with their majority-group counterparts by motherhood status in four countries. We found evidence that motherhood gaps, with respect to labour force participation, were similar for majority and second-generation Turkish women in Germany and in Sweden; however, there may be larger gaps for second-generation mothers than for majority women in the Netherlands and France. Cross-national findings were consistent with the view that national normative and social policy contexts are relevant for the labour force participation of all women, regardless of migrant background.     

The status of women in the rural U.S.S.R.

Degree of sex equality in rural areas of the U.S.S.R. is assessed with reference to a multi-variable model which specifies demographic, technological, social, and ideological factors associated with sex stratification. Such analysis reveals that the emphasis in the U.S.S.R. on women's participation in production as the key to sex equality ignores other dimensions of sex stratification which are not changed using this tactic. In particular, rural traditions of higher birth rates, more authoritarian families, greater religious emphasis, and male scorn for women have kept the status of rural women even lower than that of their urban counterparts. Additionally, the agrarian techno-economic base and lack of institutional supports for childcare and housework help perpetuate sex stratification. Increasing sex differentiation is probably in store for the Soviet Union, because official pronatalist policies are likely to be facilitated by expanding the service sector, which will further increase the division of labor in the market.     

Black/white differences in women’s reproductive-related health status: evidence from vital statistics

Maternal-age-specific neonatal mortality risk differs by race, with the mid-20s risk low for whites but not blacks. This may be partially due to worsening health for black relative to white women. We analyzed deaths to young women in the aggregate and classified by causes that are also pregnancy risk factors. Over the predominant child-bearing ages, mortality increases for blacks exceeded those for whites, usually by at least 25%. These indicators that black/white health differences widen as women progress through young adulthood suggest that such discrepancies may play a role in the black/white infant mortality differential, which merits further research.     

The status of unmarried Hong Kong women and the social factors contributing to their delayed marriage

Summary The Dixon model, which assesses the factors responsible for a rise in marriage age, has been applied to a number of Hong Kong women, aged from 20 to 24 in 1973, who were interviewed in depth. Four of them have delayed marriage due to the unavailability of mates, in particular the new marriage style and difficulty of locating a companionable mate. For 21 marriage was not economically feasible. Three anticipated they would lose too many opportunities by early marriage which was consequently undesirable at that time; only one sought to gain opportunities by a young marriage. All three factors work in concert to some extent. The age structure contributes to women's participation in the labour force and they could meet neither their obligations to their families nor to themselves by marrying early. Delayed marriage enhances women's status, and is an attractive policy for the developing world.     

Childfree by choice: Attitudes and adjustment of sterilized women

This research compares the attitudes, values and adjustment of childfree women to those of two relevant comparison groups. The study represents a methodological advance in that: (a) the childless sample represents women clearly committed to that lifestyle and (b) childfree women are compared with women who also have made active, although dissimilar, childbearing decisions. Discriminant analysis suggests that voluntarily sterilized, childless women differ from women pregnant for the first time and from women sterilized after having two children in attitudes and values but not adjustment. Findings are discussed in relation to those of other studies which have used: (a) objective assessments of attitudes, values and/or adjustment, and (b) comparison groups.This study was supported in part by Biomedical Sciences Support Grant FR-RR07087 to the second author from the General Research Support Branch, Division of Research Resources, Bureau of Health Professions, Education and Manpower Training, National Institutes of Health. The authors would like to thank Robert F. DeVellis, Jo Anne L. Earp, Charlotte Friedberg and an anonymous reviewer for comments on an earlier draft of this article.     

烟台市同期就业队列职业状况的探索性分析

本文使用"中国沿海发达地区社会变迁调查"的烟台市小样本数据,通过误差分析和统计检验,对三个不同时期就业队列的职业状况,包括静态的年龄特征和时代特征,动态的代际职业变动与本人的职业变动,进行了描述性、探索性的分析.     

The impact of minority group status on the projected retirement income of divorced women in the baby boom cohort

Using projections from the Social Security Administration's Modeling Income in the Near Term (MINT1), we examine the characteristics and retirement income of white non-Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic divorced women in the baby boom cohort. Although we find significant differences in retirement income for divorced women of different racial and ethnic groups, the characteristics associated with higher or lower retirement income are very similar. That is, being college educated, owning a home, and having pension and asset income, for example, correspond to increased retirement income for all racial and ethnic groups. However, because black and Hispanic women are less likely than white women to be college educated, to own their home, and to have pension and asset income, their retirement income tends to be lower than that of white women. We conclude the paper by briefly discussing policy options to address the retirement needs of divorced women.     

The growth of families headed by women: 1950–1980

In recent decades, the number of families headed by women has increased dramatically. In this article, we use U.S. census data from 1950 to 1980 to consider the extent to which population growth, fertility change, decreased marriage, increased divorce, and increased household headship have contributed to the growth of female-headed families. For white women, the major source of growth during the 1960s and 1970s was an increase in the number of formerly married mothers due to increased divorce and decreased remarriage. There is a similar pattern for black women for the 1960-1970 period. During the 1970-1980 decade, however, the major source of growth for black women was an increase in the number of never-married mothers due to decreased marriage and increased fertility among nonmarried women.