Visualization of Innovation in Global Supply Chain Networks

This methodological note identifies and describes a data‐driven visualization approach to study innovations in supply chain networks (ISCN). We demonstrate its value and applicability with illustrative examples to pertinent structure‐related ISCN research questions in the global electronics industry. Our visualization approach can be used to reveal and understand important clusters, patterns, trends, and outliers of ISCN not necessarily identified with traditional methods. The broader aim of this note is to demonstrate the complementary value of emerging visual analytic approaches in managerial decision‐making contexts and describe how actionable insights can be achieved.     

Accelerating the Innovation Process: A Systematic Review and Realist Synthesis of the Research Literature

There is continued interest among academics, practitioners and policy‐makers in methods to achieve accelerated innovation. Academic studies of this complex phenomenon have succeeded in reaching a high degree of consensus on the antecedents of innovation speed. The aim in this review is to elucidate further the mechanisms underlying management interventions to promote speed. The review adopts a theory‐led, realist synthesis of innovation speed research – the first example of this methodology in management studies. The authors develop a new time‐based framework for categorizing the innovation‐speed literature. The framework has a CIMO logic, and is built by invoking the organizational studies literature on time. The authors contextualize the innovation‐speed literature in relation to the three generic temporal challenges faced by all organizations: reducing temporal uncertainty; resolving temporal conflicts over activities; and allocating resources amid conditions of temporal scarcity. They problematize extant explanations of innovation speed as not taking account of different temporal orientations (temporal dichotomies) within innovation work, and thereby neglecting a potential barrier to achieving accelerated innovation outcomes. They further draw on the literature on time in organizations to suggest new avenues of research, and methodological approaches new to the study of innovation speed. The principal contribution of this review is to offer a new conceptual perspective on the complex empirical research examining how innovation projects may be accelerated from original idea to launch.     

以创新网络提升中小企业技术创新能力

经济低迷时期,中小企业更趋向于通过创新网络来提升竞争力,塑造核心能力,结合文献分析和企业调研,从能力和要素组合两个维度,提出了创新网络中企业能力提升的分析框架,指出创新网络中的中小企业核心能力来自于企业内外创新要素协同.最后通过一个案例分析详细阐述了这种能力提升与要素协同的关系.     

分布式创新中的知识网络构建

在回顾现有分布式创新概念的基础上,给出分布式创新的一般定义,并指出分布式创新知识网络的意义和网络构建障碍。依据管理支持和受益主体2个维度,划分出分布式知识网络的4种类型:个人爱好网络、专业学习网络、最佳实践网络和商机网络。基于对国内企业调研分析和国内外文献研究,提出构建分布式创新知识网络的4个重要阶段,即聚焦知识网络、创建网络背景关系、网络活动惯例化和利用网络成果。     

Supply Chain Management: Relationships, Chains and Networks

The term supply chain management is used to represent a variety of different meanings, some related to management processes, others to structural organization of businesses. This paper identifies and discusses various definitions of supply chain management, summarizes the associated bodies of knowledge and connects them using a systems approach. Systems levels of supply chain management are identified as the internal supply chain, the dyadic relationship, the external supply chain and the inter-business network.
Empirical research on behavioural aspects of relationships, chains and networks in the European automotive aftermarket is discussed, identifying gaps in perceptions of requirements and performance held by customers and suppliers in the areas of quality, delivery, service, range and price. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis demonstrates substantial differences between approaches to supply chain management, though performance in relationships, chains and networks in the territories examined does not differ significantly.
Customer dissatisfaction in relationships is shown to increase upstream in the supply chains examined, extending the applicability of the industrial dynamics 'Forrester effect' to softer, behavioural aspects of performance. Conclusions are drawn supporting the suggestions of operations strategists that position in the supply chain is an important strategic variable which, to date, have not been comprehensively proven empirically.     

供应链协同创新管理模式研究

在需求不确定且与创新水平具有相关性的前提下,分析由单供应商和单销售商组成的简单供应链模式.考虑到实施供应链创新需要资金投入,利用扩展的报童问题理论框架建立含有创新水平和创新成本的供应链协作模型,以退货政策模型为例,采用供应商和销售商共担创新成本的模式解决单纯的退货政策无法实现供应链协作的问题,并证明采用创新成本共担的退货政策模式的效果等同于利益共享契约模式,最终实现帕雷托最优.以整个供应链利润最大化为目标,给出问题的优化方法,确定最优的供应链协作参数,通过数值仿真对创新成本共担的退货政策模式和单纯的退货政策模式进行分析比较,进一步说明供应链协作的重要性.     

供应链中创新协调的绩效控制问题研究

基于对供应链中的采购-供应关系的一般合作模式和创新协调模式的分析,本文研究了最终产品市场需求是价格的乘法函数的市场环境中,生产商对其供应商创新活动提供资金支持的一类创新协调问题。并分别建立了创新协调下生产商和供应商的离散优化问题模型,分别讨论了生产商提出创新支持策略、供应商接受创新支持策略、以及使双方受益的创新协调策略有效可行的充分条件。     

Formation and Constitution of Effectual Networks: A Systematic Review and Synthesis

The co‐creational processes of effectuation represent an important development in understanding of entrepreneurial action. They also manifest in networks that are themselves important artefactual outcomes of effectual processes. To synthesize research connecting effectuation to the networks involved, this paper offers a systematic literature review. Following recent theorizing, the authors organize the literature around two general themes: (1) why and how network development occurs; and (2) what network develops. The resultant thematic model offers a comprehensive perspective on network development under effectuation logic. The analysis identifies that understanding of effectual networking and effectual networks is fragmented, incomplete and constrained by a lack of construct and contextual clarity. The authors present alternative perspectives on constructs and assumptions surrounding networks in effectuation, integrate network theory into effectuation, and generate important trajectories for future research.     

Complexity and Adaptivity in Supply Networks: Building Supply Network Theory Using a Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective*

Supply networks are composed of large numbers of firms from multiple interrelated industries. Such networks are subject to shifting strategies and objectives within a dynamic environment. In recent years, when faced with a dynamic environment, several disciplines have adopted the Complex Adaptive System (CAS) perspective to gain insights into important issues within their domains of study. Research investigations in the field of supply networks have also begun examining the merits of complexity theory and the CAS perspective. In this article, we bring the applicability of complexity theory and CAS into sharper focus, highlighting its potential for integrating existing supply chain management (SCM) research into a structured body of knowledge while also providing a framework for generating, validating, and refining new theories relevant to real‐world supply networks. We suggest several potential research questions to emphasize how a CAS perspective can help in enriching the SCM discipline. We propose that the SCM research community adopt such a dynamic and systems‐level orientation that brings to the fore the adaptivity of firms and the complexity of their interrelations that are often inherent in supply networks.     

Leveraging Open Innovation Using Intermediary Networks

Open innovation, fuelled by the rise of the Internet, has made it feasible and cheaper for firms to open themselves up to a wide range of external sources of innovative ideas. The explosive growth of open innovation intermediary networks, such as InnoCentive or Linked‐in, enables the rapid pairing of firms seeking knowledge to address a wide range of business challenges (seekers) with other firms or individuals who already have relevant knowledge (solvers or knowledge brokers). These intermediary networks allow procurement departments to source codified and un‐codified knowledge from firms or individuals outside their traditional supplier networks using one‐off transactional relationships. Although sourcing ideas in this way theoretically poses problems for knowledge search and transfer, we have found that companies can draw on processes and integration mechanisms developed by procurement and design engineering to develop effective organizational learning routines. These routines are strategically vital to source new ideas through open innovation using intermediary networks and create competitive advantage.     

基于交易量的供应链网络演化模型研究

将加权网络演化理论引入到供应链网络领域,在具体分析供应链网络动态演化特征、供应链网络演化影响因素和加权网络演化模型的基础上,提出了基于交易量的供应链网络演化模型,刻画了供应链网络形成和演化机理,为正确认识、管理、控制和协调供应链网络提供了新的思路,为进一步深化研究供应链网络弹性提供了理论基础.     

供应网络中越库转运中心仓门分配问题研究

本文探讨一种带有时间窗口的仓门分配问题--车辆在转运中心进行货物装却作业时如何在其时间窗口限制内有效的分配有限的仓门资源,以达到最佳运作效率.以往的研究结果表明该问题是强NP难题,因此本文针对该问题的特殊结构,提出一种新颖的整合了贪婪算法、遗传算法以及禁忌算法思想的混合启发式算法来有效的解决该问题.我们并将该混合启发式算法与遗传算法、禁忌算法以及CPLEX这三种方式的求解效果进行对比,其数值实脸结果表明混合启发式算法在求解效果上有明显的优势.     

Managing Disruptions in Decentralized Supply Chains with Endogenous Supply Process Reliability

Supply disruptions are all too common in supply chains. To mitigate delivery risk, buyers may either source from multiple suppliers or offer incentives to their preferred supplier to improve its process reliability. These incentives can be either direct (investment subsidy) or indirect (inflated order quantity). In this study, we present a series of models to highlight buyers’ and suppliers’ optimal parameter choices. Our base‐case model has deterministic buyer demand and two possibilities for the supplier yield outcomes: all‐or‐nothing supply or partial disruption. For the all‐or‐nothing model, we show that the buyer prefers to only use the subsidy option, which obviates the need to inflate order quantity. However, in the partial disruption model, both incentives—subsidy and order inflation—may be used at the same time. Although single sourcing provides greater indirect incentive to the selected supplier because that avoids order splitting, we show that the buyer may prefer the diversification strategy under certain circumstances. We also quantify the amount by which the wholesale price needs to be discounted (if at all) to ensure that dual sourcing strategy dominates sole sourcing. Finally, we extend the model to the case of stochastic demand. Structural properties of ordering/subsidy decisions are derived for the all‐or‐nothing model, and in contrast to the deterministic demand case, we establish that the buyer may increase use of subsidy and order quantity at the same time.     

A Comprehensive Network Security Risk Model for Process Control Networks

The risk of cyber attacks on process control networks (PCN) is receiving significant attention due to the potentially catastrophic extent to which PCN failures can damage the infrastructures and commodity flows that they support. Risk management addresses the coupled problems of (1) reducing the likelihood that cyber attacks would succeed in disrupting PCN operation and (2) reducing the severity of consequences in the event of PCN failure or manipulation. The Network Security Risk Model (NSRM) developed in this article provides a means of evaluating the efficacy of candidate risk management policies by modeling the baseline risk and assessing expectations of risk after the implementation of candidate measures. Where existing risk models fall short of providing adequate insight into the efficacy of candidate risk management policies due to shortcomings in their structure or formulation, the NSRM provides model structure and an associated modeling methodology that captures the relevant dynamics of cyber attacks on PCN for risk analysis. This article develops the NSRM in detail in the context of an illustrative example.     

家族、市场化与创业企业关系网络的交易成本

运用关系网络也存在交易成本,转型经济中民营创业企业要取得体制内的资源,需要穿透再分配体制的封闭性,付出较多代价控制和调用强连带网络中的“影响型”社会资本.基于社会资本理论和本土社会心理研究,本文提出家族连带有别于其它强关系连带,在再分配体制下能有效降低企业的网络交易成本.采用第九次全国私营企业抽样调查609家创业企业数据进行的实证检验显示,家族持股确能显著降低创业企业的公关招待费用率,而且市场化程度越低,家族连带的作用越明显.上述结果表明在无法回避的转型制度环境下家族连带为民营创业企业低成本获取体制内的资源提供了重要支持,也提示出市场化进程对于保障公平创业环境的显著意义.     

管理创新过程的关键影响因素探析:理性视角

从理性视角出发,选择案例研究方法,使用Atlas.ti软件辅助定性数据分析,识别出影响整个管理创新过程的13个关键因素,并进一步考察了它们在管理创新创造、决策和实施3个阶段的影响情况和变化趋势。研究发现:在创造阶段,内部变革者教育、创造力、高层团队异质性、市场动态性和制度变化作用显著;在决策阶段,内部变革者风险偏好、组织规模、组织结构和组织资源起着主导作用,而高层团队异质性、市场动态性和制度变化3个因素的影响是负面的;在实施阶段,内部变革者任期、创造力、高层团队异质性、组织规模、组织结构和组织资源作用显著。内部变革者经验、成就需要和组织文化这3个因素在3个阶段中均作用显著。     

Impact of Bias Magnification on Supply Chain Costs: The Mitigating Role of Forecast Sharing

The impact of forecast error magnification on supply chain cost has been well documented. Unlike past studies that measure forecast error in terms of forecast standard deviation, our study extends research to consider the impact of forecast bias, and the complex interaction between these variables. Simulating a two‐stage supply chain using realistic cost data we test the impact of bias magnification comparing two scenarios: one with forecast sharing between retailer and supplier, and one without. We then corroborate findings via survey data. Results show magnification of forecast bias to have a considerably greater impact on supply chain cost than magnification of forecast standard deviation. Particularly damaging is high bias in the presence of high forecast standard deviation. Forecast sharing is found to mitigate the impact of forecast error, however, primarily at higher levels of forecast standard deviation. At low levels of forecast standard deviation the benefits are not significant suggesting that engaging in such mitigation strategies may be less effective when there is little opportunity for improvement in accuracy. Furthermore, forecast sharing is found to be much less effective against high levels of bias. This is an important finding as managers often deliberately bias their forecasts and underscores the importance of exercising caution even with forecast sharing, particularly for forecasts that have inherently large errors. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the impact of forecast errors, suggest limitations of forecast sharing, and offer implications for research and practice alike.     

Optimization of the Aflatoxin Monitoring Costs along the Maize Supply Chain

An optimization model was used to gain insight into cost‐effective monitoring plans for aflatoxins along the maize supply chain. The model was based on a typical Dutch maize chain, with maize grown in the Black Sea region, and transported by ship to the Netherlands for use as an ingredient in compound feed for dairy cattle. Six different scenarios, with different aflatoxin concentrations at harvest and possible aflatoxin production during transport, were used. By minimizing the costs and using parameters such as the concentration, the variance of the sampling plan, and the monitoring and replacement costs, the model optimized the control points (CPs; e.g., after harvest, before or after transport by sea ship), the number of batches sampled at the CP, and the number of samples per batch. This optimization approach led to an end‐of‐chain aflatoxin concentration below the predetermined limit. The model showed that, when postharvest aflatoxin production was not possible, it was most cost‐effective to collect samples from all batches and replace contaminated batches directly after the harvest, since the replacement costs were the lowest at the origin of the chain. When there was aflatoxin production during storage, it was most cost‐effective to collect samples and replace contaminated batches after storage and transport to avoid the duplicate before and after monitoring and replacement costs. Further along the chain a contaminated batch is detected, the more stakeholders are involved, the more expensive the replacement costs and possible recall costs become.     

A Conceptual Model for Researching the Creation and Operation of Supply Networks1

This paper presents a conceptual model for the creation and operation of supply networks. Existing conceptual research relating to interorganizational relationships and networks is reviewed in terms of its relevance to understanding supply networks; this research is drawn from the fields of strategic management, channel management, industrial marketing and purchasing, organizational behaviour and supply‐chain management. The different perspectives each field has on networks are highlighted. Contributions made by each in assisting to understand supply networks are discussed and synthesized. Findings from an exploratory survey are used to structure the design of a conceptual model for analysing the processes involved in the creation and operation of supply networks. The authors identify nine different types of networking activities and discuss the nature of these activities in the context of supply. Four different types of contextual factors relating to supply networks are identified. The model is tested in eight in‐depth case studies and a validating survey of 58 focal firm networks. It is concluded that it provides a robust structure that enabled complex, cross‐case analysis of multi‐variable, multi‐disciplinary data from interorganization product/service supply networks, but that further testing by other researchers is required.     

非正式创新网络结构仿真研究

非正式创新网络对于组织创新能力的提高具有重要意义,特别是我国社会具有充满"人情"味的特征,研究非正式创新网络更具有重要的现实意义.在对非正式创新网络的概念和研究现状进行分析梳理的基础之上,对非正式创新网络建立计算机仿真模型.初步研究了非正式创新网络的结构特征.发现非正式创新网络同时具有小世界以及无标度特性.