新产品开发创意新源泉——来自海尔的案例分析

开发适合市场需求的新产品已经成为企业获得竞争优势的重要来源.通过对海尔三个实践案例的分析,指出零售商是企业获得新产品开发创意的重要源泉,并提出了通过零售商获得新产品开发创意的途径.研究结论不仅丰富了现有的理论成果,同时也为我国企业实践提供了有益的指导.     

Idea Generation and the Role of Feedback: Evidence from Field Experiments with Innovation Tournaments

In many innovation settings, ideas are generated over time and managers face a decision about if and how to provide in‐process feedback to the idea generators about the quality of submissions. In this article, we use design contests allowing repeated entry to examine the effect of in‐process feedback on idea generation. We report on a set of field experiments using two online contest websites to compare the performance of three different feedback treatments—no feedback, random feedback, and directed feedback (i.e., in‐process feedback highly correlated with the final quality rating of the entry). We posted six logo design contests for consumer products and accepted submissions for 1 week. We provided daily feedback during the contest period using one of the three treatments. We then used a panel of target consumers to rate the quality of each idea. We find that directed feedback is associated positively with agent participation. For outcome, while directed feedback benefits the average quality of entries submitted, we don't find that relationship for the best entries—indeed, no feedback or random feedback may produce better top‐end entry quality. We also find that, under directed feedback, the variance in quality declines as the contest progresses.     

技术创新绩效及创新模式的案例研究

创新是企业活力和企业发展的源泉,卓有成效的技术创新模式是技术创新绩效的根本保证。本文采用了单案例研究法,以山东省兖州煤业兴隆庄煤矿为例,首先分析了兴隆庄煤矿自建矿27年来的技术创新绩效;在此基础上,从技术创新模式的先导、切入点、依托、主线和落脚点的视角,对兴隆庄煤矿的全面创新、内部协同创新、二次创新和自主创新等方面进行了案例研究,并对兴隆庄煤矿成功的技术创新模式进行了理论概况。这一独具特色的兴隆庄煤矿技术创新模式,对中国煤炭企业和其他资源型企业的技术创新模式选择和技术创新管理都将有着重要的借鉴意义和参考价值。     

Innovation and Organizational Learning: the Case of Computer-Aided Production Management

Recent experience of unsuccessful implementation of integrated advanced manufacturing technology suggests that much of the problem is due to a lack of innovation in organizational in parallel with the technological dimension. Discussion of this issue argues the need for some kind of ‘organizational learning’ to obtain the full benefits of AMT. This paper reviews the topic of organizational learning in technology and explores its relevance to the problem of AMT implementation through the case example of computer-aided production management systems.     

Intervention Research as Management Research in Practice: Learning from a Case in the Fashion Design Industry

Research in the field of management and organizational sciences has yielded a deeper understanding of many emerging business issues. However, the relevance of the contributions has been increasingly criticized, in both the academic and public spheres. We propose the intervention research approach – originally developed by the research group at Ecole des Mines de Paris – as a design science approach able to address both the relevance gap issue and the growing complexity of management practice. It is argued that increasing our understanding of management requires research that is more insightful, influential and immediately applicable. This in turn requires closer collaboration between management and researchers during the inquiry process, which is not always easy to achieve. An illustrative case study of an intervention research project focusing on creativity, conducted in Italy in collaboration with a fashion company, demonstrates how intervention research can be rigorous and relevant to practitioners, and how it can advance theoretical knowledge in management science.     

技术视角下的商业方法创新过程及其专利保护研究

从技术视角出发,研究了一些具有技术性特征的商业方法创新的理念源泉、产生过程及创新的最终实现,揭示了商业方法创新的关键因素,同时研究了商业方法创新的专利保护及其与其他知识产权保护方式的比较.     

消费者数据化参与的研发创新——企业与消费者协同演化视角的双案例研究

既有消费者参与研发的研究主要聚焦于领先用户等特殊消费者,本文基于两家互联网服装企业的案例研究发现,大数据应用为普通消费者参与企业研发提供了条件和可能。本文据此提出消费者数据化参与研发的概念,从企业与消费者协同演化视角构建了大数据环境下普通消费者数据化参与研发的理论框架,着重探讨:(1)普通消费者如何参与研发;(2)不同设计理念的企业如何实现普通消费者参与的研发创新。研究结果表明,大数据环境下普通消费者通过数据化方式参与研发,企业通过对消费者大数据的利用,使研发决策从依靠人的经验判断转变为依靠人与数据的结合,从而实现研发创新。具体而言,秉持用户导向的企业形成了数据驱动型研发创新,秉持设计师导向的企业形成了数据支持型研发创新。由此,将消费者参与研发的研究从特殊消费者扩展到普通消费者从而形成理论创新,为探讨大数据环境下企业与消费者价值共创提供新的洞见。     

Corporate Governance and the Governance of Innovation: The Case of Pharmaceutical Industry

The paper focuses on some organizationaldynamics that have characterized the pharmaceuticalindustry in the last thirty years, whenbiotechnology and the development of lifesciences have defined a new technologicalparadigm, reshaping many aspects of theindustry, especially the organization ofinnovative activity. We suggest an original interpretation of someorganizational settings, as the increasedimportance of skilled scientists within firmsand the development of inter-organizationalalliances for the division of scientific labor.Following recent theorizing on corporategovernance issues, which points out theintrinsic organizational and relationaldimensions of the resource allocation processesand strategic decision-making, we propose a roleof the organizational practices mentioned aboveon corporate governance, and, in turn, aninfluence of different governance arrangementson innovative activity. We recall moretraditional approaches to the analysis ofcorporate governance, and give a broaderinterpretation to the relevant variablesproposed. Further, relying on more recenttheories and on literature on firm's boundariesand sectoral systems of innovation, we proposeindustry-specific variables forpharmaceuticals, including internal settings aswell as relations with external actors.Preliminary empirical support is given to ourhypotheses, concerning a panel of large USpharmaceutical companies.     

Experimental Coastal Land Reclamation: Qianhai as a Case Interpreted

ABSTRACT

Informed by a Coasian transaction cost paradigm enriched by the concept of Schumpeterian innovations, this paper discusses the advantages of using experimental coastal reclamation of the sea to build new cities with a policy for fostering innovations. A new development area at the margin of Shenzhen in China, Qianhai, is used to demonstrate how urban expansion by urban sprawling in a megacity can be avoided by reclamation of marginal land as analytically less costly than along intra-marginal land and more suitable for experimentation for the type of megacity concept that Qianhai aims to achieve.     

企业家认知资源与管理创新决策:理论与案例实验

本文旨在探讨企业家认知资源的异质性及其对管理创新决策的影响。运用案例实验法进行了实证检验,研究结果表明:企业家的经验和社会资本是企业家的异质性认知资源,引致了企业家和非企业家管理决策方案在创新性和适用性上的异质性;在没有社会资本的支持下,企业家经验与管理决策方案创新性之间呈倒U型关系,对方案的适用性有正向影响;而在社会资本可得的情况下,企业家经验与社会资本均对方案的创新性和适用性有显著的增强效应。     

Process Innovation Costs in Supply Networks: A Synthesis

This paper provides a synthesis of the literature on the costs incurred by organizations that develop, adopt and use inter‐organizational process innovations in supply networks. A review of the literature in this area suggests that innovation costs influence the pattern of adoption. There is, however, a lack of consensus about what these innovation costs entail. Based on a review of innovation literature in the area of information systems, this paper develops an integrative framework of inter‐organizational process innovation costs. The framework identifies six broad categories of costs (both tangible and intangible) that map onto different stages of organizational innovation: development and initiation costs associated with the generation of an innovation; switching costs and the cost of capital associated with the acceptance stage; and implementation and relational costs associated with implementation. The framework serves not only to organize the existing literature but also to provide the impetus for future research into the role that different categories of costs play in shaping inter‐organizational process innovation in supply networks.     

试论工商管理学科的案例研究方法

案例研究是世界工商管理学科发展的重要的研究方法之一。对案例研究的重视可以追溯到哈佛商学院所代表的案例学派和早期的经验学派。目前我国工商管理的研究普遍存在研究方法不规范的问题,研究成果很难被国际学术界承认,规范性研究方法是世界学术交流的共同平台。本论文旨在通过案例研究与案例教学、研究案例与教学案例的区别,在结合笔者从事案例研究与编写教学案例的经验基础上,探讨规范性案例研究的内容与方法,以及相应地案例研究的步骤与评价标准等,以促进我国工商管理学科的案例学派的学术研究与国际接轨,走向规范化。     

Assessing Potential Human Health Hazards and Benefits from Subtherapeutic Antibiotics in the United States: Tetracyclines as a Case Study

Many scientists, activists, regulators, and politicians have expressed urgent concern that using antibiotics in food animals selects for resistant strains of bacteria that harm human health and bring nearer a “postantibiotic era” of multidrug resistant “super‐bugs.” Proposed political solutions, such as the Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act (PAMTA), would ban entire classes of subtherapeutic antibiotics (STAs) now used for disease prevention and growth promotion in food animals. The proposed bans are not driven by formal quantitative risk assessment (QRA), but by a perceived need for immediate action to prevent potential catastrophe. Similar fears led to STA phase‐outs in Europe a decade ago. However, QRA and empirical data indicate that continued use of STAs in the United States has not harmed human health, and bans in Europe have not helped human health. The fears motivating PAMTA contrast with QRA estimates of vanishingly small risks. As a case study, examining specific tetracycline uses and resistance patterns suggests that there is no significant human health hazard from continued use of tetracycline in food animals. Simple hypothetical calculations suggest an unobservably small risk (between 0 and 1.75E‐11 excess lifetime risk of a tetracycline‐resistant infection), based on the long history of tetracycline use in the United States without resistance‐related treatment failures. QRAs for other STA uses in food animals also find that human health risks are vanishingly small. Whether such QRA calculations will guide risk management policy for animal antibiotics in the United States remains to be seen.     

外部取向管理创新模式——一个探索性案例研究

构建高不确定环境下中国企业外部取向管理创新模式选择机理的组织创新氛围-企业家精神维度的研究框架,通过质性数据分析方法,辅以ATLAS.ti质性数据分析软件,使用16家企业的数据对两个影响维度的测量指标进行细化和量化,在此基础上采用案例研究小组评分法,基于对组织创新氛围和企业家精神维度指标的测量,选取淘宝的商业模式创新以及绿盛、天翼咨询和正泰电器的营销模式创新的多案例分析对研究框架进行探索性分析.研究结果表明,高不确定环境下外部取向管理创新模式主要包括激进式、元素式、结构式和渐进式4类,外部取向管理创新模式的选择是在组织创新氛围和企业家精神的主导作用下进行的,而当两者均较弱时外部环境成为渐进式外部取向管理创新模式的主要推动因素.     

企业技术创新过程中的知识替代性分析与互联网经济

本文根据企业知识的替代性、知识生产的函数及效用函数分析了企业在进行知识替代过程中的决策问题。通过分析,讨论了企业在知识更替中的一些关键性的问题以及互联网促进知识创新及其兴起的原因。     

Strategic Community Management with Customers: Case Study on Innovation Using IT and Multimedia Technology in Education, Medical and Welfare Fields

This paper discusses the management processes for forming strategic communities by means of strategic partnerships between businesses and customers, for introducing into the Strategic communities the knowledge of customers with a high degree of learning experience with respect to the products and services provided by the businesses, thereby creating new business models and at the same time extending the results of the strategic communities to many other associated customers. Innovations in the fields of education, medicine and welfare utilizing IT and multimedia technology over the past four years are taken as examples in this case study. Here a strategic community of business and innovative customers has established a new business model in the fields of education, medicine and welfare on the basis of IT and multimedia technology. The results of the activities of the strategic community of innovative customers were then extended to many other related customers in a chain of community creation, and the new systems were widely proliferated throughout Japan. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

New Spatial Concepts Between Innovation and Lock-in: The Case of the Dutch Deltametropolis

It is often proclaimed that planning concepts serve an innovative function in the political process. They are praised as powerful tools that carry new insights and understandings into policy arenas. By examining the emergence and development of a new planning concept in the Dutch national spatial policy-making process, the deltametropolis concept, this paper questions this position. It argues that new spatial concepts tend to lose much of their innovative capacities when they enter the political arena and become encased in the traditional urban–rural planning discourse, thus reaffirming established planning orientations. The Dutch case of the deltametropolis illustrates that new spatial concepts may entail potential for innovation as much as for lock-in.