基于产品创新的管理集成及其实施结构体系研究

本文简单地概括了国内外产品创新中管理集成的研究现状,分析了产品创新中管理集成的内涵,揭示了管理集成与信息集成、过程集成和企业集成等相关概念之间的区别和联系,提出了基于产品创新的管理集成实施的结构体系,指出这个结构体系是由核心层、使能层和技术支撑层构成的,并对其内容进行了详细的阐述。     

管理集成与产品创新

产品创新是企业的灵魂,管理集成是产品创新管理的发展趋势之一.阐述了产品创新中管理集成的内涵,分析了管理集成与产品创新之间的关系,提出了管理集成的理论结构体系,并对其内容进行了一般探讨.     

制造业集成成本管理模式研究

随着经济环境的变化,传统成本管理方法在强化制造业成本管理方面显得乏力,迫使人们不得不从新的视角来审视制造业现行的成本管理系统,这为制造业成本管理创新带来机遇.本文运用集成管理理论,以系统、集成的思想,提出了集成成本管理的体系结构,并构建了集成成本控制模型.     

关于集成和管理集成的探讨

集成广泛存在于科学技术领域、管理领域和其它领域中.集成是人的一种有意识、有选择、有目的的行为,有时又指这种行为的结果,即集成体.集成是构建系统的一种新方法,是实现技术创新、制度创新、管理创新的手段.以系统思想为指导,探讨和论述了集成现象、集成的概念和特征、集成的基本范畴、集成的方法、管理集成以及管理集成的相容性和关联性.     

产品创新过程管理模式的基本问题研究

本文综合运用产品创新的思想和企业过程再造的理论 ,分析了产品创新过程中知识要素资源集成的内涵 ,以及产品创新过程的风险性、对各种要素资源的有效配置、加强开发者交流和学习、增进创新过程柔性和重塑企业竞争优势等特征 .在此基础上 ,从创新过程的组织、知识要素资源的运用、沟通和交流、学习技能、协调机制、激励方式、价值观、绩效等方面探讨了与产品创新过程相适应的以知识为核心的网络化管理模式 ,明确了新的管理模式从信息交流、为开发者授权、领导方式、协作方式上对传统的功能顺序式管理模式实现了突破 .     

面向用户的档案信息集成管理模式探讨

文章首先分析了面向用户档案信息集成管理的内涵,并对以Web Service技术为基础的面向用户的档案信息集成管理系统进行了重点分析,主要包括三层体系结构。最后对面向用户的档案信息集成管理模式的建立原则进行了探讨。     

产品创新的界面管理集成

自从集成思想被引入到产品创新领域以后,界面问题已成为影响产品创新成败的关键问题。现行的界面管理理论忽视了信息技术对界面管理的作用,采用基于离散线性的思想化整为零研究界面问题。本文提出了一体化整合的界面管理集成方法,最后结合信息技术大发展提出了产品集成创新的两阶段发展模式,为产品集成创新研究提供了新的思路。     

集成管理战略及其策略支撑体系研究

现代集成和集成管理的基本思想是从泛系统的角度和高度,以要素的整合为基本手段和基本途径,通过结构、关系的优化,使系统功能呈现非线性增长或新功能涌现,进而达到增效的目的.其有效实施,首先需要企业战略管理理论的创新.集成管理战略及其策略支撑体系,由四个部分组成,即整合增效战略,协同旋进策略,虚拟策略,以及泛系统策略.它们相互依赖,互为因果,具有逻辑上的关联性,形成一个有机整体.     

基于模型的高端装备创新研制任务集成管理

聚焦高端装备创新研制阶段的用户需求分析、任务分解与资源配置、任务网络分析和系统集成验证等4个环节，运用体系结构框架技术和系统工程“V”模型，开展高端装备制造创新研制任务需求分析与管理、任务分解结构和资源配置管理、任务网络分析与评价、任务集成与验证研究，解决数据驱动的高端装备创新研制用户需求获取与持续管理、用户需求到任务分解结构的转化机制和描述建模、任务资源动态优化配置、网络化建模与评价、数据和模型驱动的任务集成与验证评估等关键科学问题，突破相应的关键技术，建立互联网与大数据环境下高端装备制造创新研制任务集成管理理论方法体系。     

基于Web Services的社区信息集成研究

社区信息化是社会信息化的重要组成部分,其主要建设内容是社区管理信息化和社区服务信息化,而社区信息集成是社区信息化建设的必经阶段.Web Services技术可以为社区信息集成提供有效途径.本文探讨了社区信息化集成管理服务平台的功能模块,并在此基础上构建了基于Web Services技术的社区信息化集成管理服务平台的体系结构.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.