考虑渠道势力和研发溢出的竞争制造商研发决策研究

针对供应链中渠道势力的变化，构建了不同渠道势力结构下的研发决策模型，考察了渠道势力变化和研发溢出效应对竞争制造商最优研发决策以及供应链利润的影响。研究发现：1）随着零售商渠道势力的增强，制造商的研发水平降低。2）研发溢出效应对最优研发水平的影响与制造商之间的竞争程度有关：当制造商之间的竞争程度较弱时，随着研发溢出效应的增强，最优研发水平上升；当制造商之间的竞争较强时，随着研发溢出效应的增强，最优研发水平下降；当制造商之间的竞争程度适中时，随着研发溢出效应的增强，最优研发水平呈上升后下降的"倒U"形变化。3）渠道势力的变化不会改变研发溢出效应对研发水平的影响结论，但是会改变结论变化的临界值大小；4）渠道势力对供应链利润的影响主要取决于制造商竞争程度和研发溢出效应的大小。     

碳交易框架下企业生态创新策略研究

生态创新是实现节能减排的有效载体和基本路径。2017年末我国启动全国性碳市场,在此背景下,深入研究企业生态创新决策优化问题具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文在区分生态过程创新和末端治理的基础上,建立了企业生态过程创新研发策略（独立研发策略和合作研发策略）与政府碳交易制度的三阶段博弈模型,运用逆向求解法得出各阶段均衡解,比较不同研发策略下企业生态过程创新水平、末端治理、政府最优碳排放基准和社会福利。结果表明：合作研发策略优于独立研发策略。通过湖北省电力行业的数据进行仿真实验,进一步发现,政府减少碳排放基准会降低企业生态过程创新水平,增加企业末端治理;研发成本系数与企业生态过程创新水平呈负相关关系;社会最优的技术溢出系数临界值为0.8。本文研究结论为政府确定科学的碳排放基准和企业制定合理的生态创新研发策略提供启示。     

协同创新、知识溢出的演化博弈机制研究

基于演化博弈理论,研究企业、大学和科研机构间协同创新过程的"演化稳定策略"。通过设计知识共享模型分析知识投入与知识溢出对协同创新的影响并进行仿真检验。研究认为,长期的协同创新中"合作"策略是参与方采用的"演化稳定策略";当参与方数量不同时,小群体一方率先实现"合作"策略稳定,群体数量相近时双方采用"合作"策略的收敛速度趋于一致;增加知识溢出有利于提高协同创新效率与稳定性。在理论上解释了协同创新博弈的合作策略稳定性,为产学研合作的机制设计提供决策参考。     

两种激励条件下三级供应链产品质量控制策略研究

本文基于四阶段Stackelberg博弈分析,研究了在三级供应链中如何进行产品质量控制策略问题。构建了由制造商、零售商与最终顾客组成的三级供应链博弈模型,制造商进行产品质量决策,即生产高质量产品或者低质量产品,零售商进行产品采购决策和零售定价决策,最终顾客根据两种产品质量水平和零售价格的差异,决定产品的购买数量;当零售商采购高质量产品时,制造商将会向其提供价格折扣策略;当零售商采购低质量产品时,制造商将会向其提供延迟付款策略。运用最优化原理,求解了制造商的产品质量水平、价格折扣、延迟付款期限和零售商的零售价格、最终顾客的购买数量,及期望收益函数。进行了算例分析,结果表明:高质量产品零售价格关于价格折扣下降幅度更大,而低质量产品零售价格关于延迟付款期限下降幅度更大;制造商提供的价格折扣越大、延迟付款期限越长,其期望收益将会减少,此时零售商的期望收益将会增加,最终顾客产品需求量将会增加;制造商的总期望收益函数将呈现"倒U"型,求解了期望收益的最大值及各契约参数的值,结果证明所提出的产品质量控制策略是可行的。     

品牌竞争与渠道竞争共存时销售渠道选择策略

本文就网络经济快速发展,品牌竞争和渠道竞争共存的情况下,制造商采取何种销售渠道策略才能获得最优利润问题进行研究。通过建立渠道选择演化博弈模型和数据仿真分析,得出了不同品牌竞争水平下渠道选择策略的演化路径和最终演化稳定策略,揭示出市场规律:当两种竞争同时存在时,品牌竞争激烈程度直接影响销售渠道选择策略和收益水平;渠道竞争激烈程度对销售渠道选择策略产生间接影响,同时对品牌竞争激烈程度不同的制造商的收益产生不同影响。     

基于二重随机因素的对称双头垄断期权博弈模型

本文在产品市场需求与经营成本二重随机性以及二者具有相关性的条件下,建立了一个对称双头垄断期权博弈分析框架,研究了企业最优战略投资决策问题。在导出企业投资价值函数和最优投资临界值的基础上,着重分析了企业最优投资策略均衡规则及各均衡存在的条件,并就各参数对企业最优投资临界值的影响进行比较静态分析,得出了一些有意义的结论,同时给出了经济解释。     

Equilibrium Joining Strategies and Optimal Control of a Make‐to‐Stock Queue

We consider a make‐to‐stock, finite‐capacity production system with setup cost and delay‐sensitive customers. To balance the setup and inventory related costs, the production manager adopts a two‐critical‐number control policy, where the production starts when the number of waiting customers reaches a certain level and shuts down when a certain quantity of inventory has accumulated. Once the production is set up, the unit production time follows an exponential distribution. Potential customers arrive according to a Poisson process. Customers are strategic, i.e., they make decisions on whether to stay for the product or to leave without purchase based on their utility values, which depend on the production manager's control decisions. We formulate the problem as a Stackelberg game between the production manager and the customers, where the former is the game leader. We first derive the equilibrium customer purchasing strategy and system performance. We then formulate the expected cost rate function for the production system and present a search algorithm for obtaining the optimal values of the two control variables. We further analyze the characteristics of the optimal solution numerically and compare them with the situation where the customers are non‐strategic.     

考虑消费者策略行为的供应商产品升级策略

随着科技的发展和市场竞争的加剧,企业不断频繁地进行产品升级更新以应对消费者快速变化的需求;同时,消费者也越来越具有策略性行为,主要表现为跨期选择购买产品的类型和时机。本文考虑消费者策略行为研究供应链上游供应商的最优产品升级策略,分析捆绑、模块化和整合三种产品升级策略中消费者的购买决策和供应链企业的均衡定价决策。研究表明：当消费者耐心程度和升级模块的价值升级系数满足一定条件时,供应商将选择模块化升级策略,相对于捆绑升级策略,将获得更高的利润;而只有当消费者耐心程度较小时,采用整合升级策略相对于其他两种升级策略更有利于提高利润。     

Beyond Make‐Buy: Internalization and Integration of Design and Production

Much recent attention in industrial practice has been centered on the question of which activities a manufacturing firm should complete for itself and for which it should rely on outside suppliers. This issue, generally labeled the “make‐buy” decision, has received substantial theoretical and empirical attention. In this paper, we broaden the scope of the make‐buy decision to include product design decisions, as well as production decisions. First, we examine independently the decisions of whether to internalize design and production, and then we consider how design and production organizational decisions are interdependent. The specific research questions we address are: (1) How can design and production sourcing decisions be described in richer terms than “make” and “buy”? (2) Do existing theories of vertical integration apply to product design activities as well as production decisions? (3) What is the relationship between the organization of design and the organization of production? (4) What organizational forms for design and production are seen in practice? After developing theoretical arguments and a conceptual framework, we explore these ideas empirically through an analysis of design and production sourcing decisions for bicycle frames in the U. S. mountain bicycle industry.     

不同权力结构和联盟策略下风险规避型闭环供应链决策

本文旨在探讨不同渠道权力结构和联盟策略下风险规避型闭环供应链的决策问题。考虑到产品需求和废旧产品回收的不确定性及决策者的风险规避特性,在制造商主导、零售商主导及制造商和零售商势力均衡三种情形下,分别构建了制造商和零售商联盟与不联盟时的闭环供应链博弈模型,获得了六个博弈模型下的均衡解,对比分析了不同模型下产品定价、废旧产品的最优回收价格和供应链及其成员的期望收益。研究结果表明,在制造商和零售商不联盟的情形下,决策者的风险规避程度增加能够缓解双重边际效应,供应链期望收益与风险规避程度正相关,而在制造商和零售商联盟的情形下,供应链期望收益与风险规避程度负相关;制造商和零售商不联盟时,制造商和零售商势力均衡的渠道权力结构对消费者最有利,而制造商和零售商联盟时,制造商和零售商势力均衡的渠道权力结构对消费者最不利;制造商和零售商权力结构不对等时最优价格决策之间的关系与制造商和零售商的风险规避程度有关;供应链期望收益在制造商和零售商势力均衡下最大,制造商期望收益在制造商主导的渠道权力结构下最大,零售商期望收益在零售商主导的渠道权力结构下最大。     

基于碳减排技术的竞争供应链投资均衡策略研究

本文以两条竞争供应链(每条供应链均包含一个制造商和一个零售商)为研究对象,基于其是否采用碳减排技术,构建了两条供应链均不采用碳减排技术(NN情景)、供应链1采用碳减排技术(AN情景),供应链2采用碳减排技术(NA情景),及两条供应链均采用碳减排技术(AA情景)的收益模型,求解出相应的最优解并探讨了竞争供应链投资碳减排技术的均衡策略。研究发现:当碳税较低时,AA情景是竞争供应链的均衡策略;当碳税适中时,生产成本较高的供应链不采用减排技术,而其竞争供应链将采用减排技术以提升竞争力;当碳税较高时,NN情景是竞争供应链的均衡策略。此外,当供应链间竞争强度较弱时,政府可适当提高碳税标准;当供应链间竞争较为激烈时,政府应降低碳税以引导企业采用碳减排技术。     

基于上游成员的机会成本和消费者偏好的供应链产品策略

基于对上游成员的机会成本和消费者在质量偏好上的异质性的考虑,本文研究中心化和由一零售商与一制造商（供应商）组成的分散化供应链在质量和数量上的最优产品策略。通过构建问题的理论模型及分析,分别获得最优解和博弈均衡解。进而利用灵敏度分析和算例讨论了消费者对质量偏好的异质性和上游成员的机会成本对供应链的产品策略、供应链的利润和消费者剩余的影响。研究发现：当边际质量成本较低时,供应链产品策略应主要考虑满足大众需求;而当边际质量成本和消费者对质量偏好的异质性程度都较高时,供应链只需考虑部分高质量敏感的消费者;当消费者对质量的平均偏好水平较低,边际质量成本较高和顾客需求趋于同质时,产品应考虑退出市场;此外,成员的权利均衡有助于完善供应链利润和社会福利,而零售商的强势帮助消费者培育和提高产品质量。最后,占据先动优势的一方在利润分配时基本上占上风。     

Product design strategies in a manufacturer–retailer distribution channel

Product design decision has significant impacts on firm's competitive edge. In a distribution channel, product design strategy of a manufacturer depends not only on its own decisions, but also on the behaviors of its upstream and downstream partners along the channel. This paper investigates the optimal product design strategy of a manufacturer in a two-stage supply chain that consists of an upstream manufacturer and a downstream retailer. Customers are classified into two groups (i.e., two market segments) according to their difference on quality valuations. For each of the two potential market segments, the manufacturer needs to decide if it is beneficial to design a product with appropriate quality level to meet the demand of customers in the market segment. The retailer procures the product from the manufacturer, and then sells to customers at a retail price. By considering the interactions between the manufacturer and the retailer, this paper first describes the product design problem as a manufacturer-dominant Stackelberg game, and presents the optimal product design strategy for the manufacturer. To improve the performance of the supply chain, the revenue-sharing contract is then introduced into the product design problem. It is found that the revenue-sharing contract can perfectly coordinate the distribution channel in the product design problem. Numerical experiments illustrate the impacts of customer characteristics on the optimal product design strategies.     

Does Elicitation Method Matter? Behavioral and Neuroimaging Evidence from Capacity Allocation Game

To date, it has not been elucidated whether the strategy method and the direct‐response method lead to different behaviors in experiments of economic games. In this study, we investigate this issue under a multi‐round setting of the capacity allocation game with both of the elicitation methods. In the first experiment (regular behavioral experiment), subjects are paired to make decisions in a laboratory through a computer network platform. In the second experiment (neuroimaging experiment), the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique is applied to observe similarities and differences in brain activities between the two elicitation methods. The results show that no significant difference is observed in the ordering behaviors between the two methods. Meanwhile, the neuroimaging data reveal that the strategy method induces comparable activations in similar brain regions, as does the direct‐response method. Additionally, it is more likely that subjects adjust their decisions during the feedback phase, rather than during the decision phase. Our results indicate that, in multi‐round game experiments without features such as emotion, the effect of the elicitation method is not likely to be exhibited.     

Bertrand竞争下融资策略与产品差异化策略的博弈分析

融资策略与产品差异化策略是企业两大重要的决策.本文通过构造一个纵向产品差异化的三阶段动态博弈模型,研究了不确定环境下,企业债务融资对产品差异化策略和定价策略的影响,并与不存在债务策略下的均衡结果进行了比较.研究表明,负债情形下,企业的均衡质量和均衡价格均高于无负债下的质量和价格,产品纵向差异度低于无负债下的差异度,且负债水平越高,企业的均衡质量、均衡价格和均衡利润越高,企业间的产品纵向差异度也越高.     

考虑跨渠道退货的双渠道闭环供应链决策研究

双渠道闭环供应链存在制造商网络直销渠道和零售商实体店零售渠道。消费者会对购买不满意的产品进行退货,由于网上商店购买的产品缺乏现场体验故退货率较高。相比线下实体商店,线上退货流程更为复杂,这往往容易影响消费者购物体验。因此本文设计考虑跨渠道退货的双渠道闭环供应链结构,并分析跨渠道退货率以及渠道消费偏好对供应链的决策影响,基于Stackelberg博弈和Nash均衡博弈理论,从集中式决策与分散式决策两方面研究不同闭环供应链结构下的定价决策与利润分配,并结合数值算例进行分析。研究结果表明,跨渠道退货率以及消费者渠道偏好对闭环供应链的定价策略以及利润分配等决策具有显著影响。     

基于制造商建议零售价的供应链定价策略

为了阐述制造商建议零售价格对供应链定价策略的影响,以其作为消费者的参照价格,引入到供应链系统中。采用博弈论的方法进行研究,结果表明：当制造商建议零售价格较低时,零售商将采用最低参照价格策略,当制造商建议零售价格较高时,零售商将采用最高参照价格策略,当制造商建议零售价格介于两者之间时,零售商将采用价格保持策略。在此基础上,研究了相关参数对上述三种策略的影响,以及三种策略之间的差异。不仅指出最低参照价格策略或者最高参照价格策略都有可能使制造商的收益最大化,还给出了选择的条件。最后,用数值分析比较了不同策略下的供应链系统收益,指出在最高参照价格策略下的系统收益是最优的。相关结论为制造商建议零售价格制定提供了理论依据。     

考虑交叉持股的低碳供应链减排与定价决策研究

在碳交易机制下,将交叉持股战略引入到制造商减排决策中,研究供应链企业的减排和定价问题。构建了供应链企业集中决策下的决策模型和交叉持股前后制造商与零售商间的Stackelberg博弈模型,分析比较了不同情形下的企业最优决策和绩效,并以数值算例演示了交叉持股和碳交易价格对企业决策和绩效的影响。研究发现,制造商与零售商交叉持股能够改变碳交易价格对制造商减排量的影响,使得制造商的单位产品减排量一定提高,市场需求提高,在一定条件下批发价和零售价降低;当交叉持股比例满足一定条件时,交叉持股能同时增加制造商与零售商的利润并使供应链达到协调。     

The influence of mutations: an evolutionary inspection game with three strategic actors

Suboptimal business decisions lead to corporate cost increases. The basis of the following study is a game theoretical model of Fandel and Trockel (Eur J Oper Res 226:85–93, 2013a), which analyses the relationship between bonuses and financial penalties in a three-person inspection game and the measures that counteract suboptimal decisions. In the present article we investigate from evolutionary perspectives whether the strategic behaviour of the actors described in an inspection game can be invaded by mutants and what risks emerge as a result. In a first step each of the three decision variables of the players will be discussed. It will become apparent that corporate optimal behaviour is realised when the actions of the business management or the controlling department are fixed. In a second step it will be shown that in games with three strategic variables mutations can undermine the solutions. In a third step we will investigate the model in consideration of monotonic payment and monotonic positive payment functions and divide the area of the solutions into octants to which we will allocate the influence of the mutations and demonstrate the circumstances under which a solution tending towards optimal corporate behaviour can be generated.     

需求率受推广努力水平影响的新能源汽车租赁系统协调契约

考虑由新能源汽车租赁企业和政府组成的二级系统,在需求率为随机且与推广努力水平相关的市场环境下,建立了新能源汽车租赁企业和政府之间的博弈模型,探讨了分散决策、集中决策、收益共享与成本共担契约下的最优车队配置和推广努力水平,并对三种情形下的最优决策进行了比较和分析。研究结果表明：在分散决策情况下无法实现系统协调,通过引入成本共担与收益共享组合契约,当契约参数满足一定条件时,该组合契约模型不仅可以实现系统协调而且可以使系统成员达到帕累托改进。最后通过算例分析,验证了模型了可靠性和有效性。