Ist Coaching reine Prozessberatung oder sind hier auch andere Beratungsmodelle relevant?

The author discusses the question, if Coaching is more process consultation or more expert counselling. At first she explains the concept of Edgar Schein with its background. After this she describes the process of coaching with its special sequences of process consultation or expert consultation. Finally, the consequences for coaching education are discussed.     

Wie Prozess- und Fachperspektive zusammenführen?

Difficult problems of practice often are the result of inextricably linked technical and social issues. The author examines the theoretical foundations and practical experiences with an approach that blends training and coaching in order to improve consulting practice. Two counselors run a thematically focused workshop and advocate from an expert advice and process consultation perspective. It is very important that the three stakeholders – client, expert and process consultant – try to solve the issue in a creative and respectful way.     

Auftragsklärung: Interventionen auf dem Wege zur Konstituierung eines Beratungssystems*

The author demonstrates basing on a case study, that the development of a consultation system is a process that requires time and patience of everyone involved. Not a fast decided definition of a consultation method with the corresponding setting is the first step but a clarification of the request. That is what the author is pleading for a phase of detailed analysis with the potential client.     

Coaching im Rahmen von Bedrohungsmanagement

Threat management is a young discipline in practice as well as theory. Coaching of executives shows a new, specific intervention form in this context. For this matter it requires a high professional knowledge which allows an expert’s consultation and a professional process consultation, to do justice to process-like threatening events or to the adequate contact. The present contribution reflects the complicated connections of male executives in particular with the focus on emotion regularisation and action optimisation.     

Von der Gruppensupervisorin zum Einzelcoach

In this article a single supervisory process is presented during a period of five meetings. Starting point is the consultation of a teacher regarding decision making. In the future this teacher assumes the place of an acting head mistress. The author describes the influence of the changed role in the vocational field of the client on the way of the consultation and the role of the coach.     

Gruppensupervision als Prozessbegleitung zum Modellprojekt „Familien brauchen Väter“

The author presents an evaluation report based on the accompanying consultation process of the project ?Families need fathers – an experimental project aimed at strengthening paternal competence with regard to pregnancy and parenthood”. Within the protected sphere of supervision the counsellors are confronted with the challenge of developing their role as counsellor of fathers-to-be in a field of consultation in which women predominate. The process of reflection serves to facilitate a professional exchange of ideas as well as helping to develop a mutual, cooperative understanding of the role of the counsellor, thus providing a common framework to reflect the individual situations.     

集团军山地进攻作战减员预计模型

收集了我军以往作战军减员的经验数据,建立军减员率的时间序列模型,提出计算机模拟的方法。在此基础上,着重分析影响减员的多种因素,对交战双方武器装备数量及技术等级,作战地区的地形和气候条件等因素进行了定量描述。运用专家咨询方法筛选了社会经济行为等"软"指标,用群体层次分析法确定各指标的权重,建立了量化指标体系,并运用该指标体系对我军今后主要作战对象进行了量化。结合以上因素对计算机模拟生成的数据进行修正,建立相应的调整算法。     

Decisions,judgement and style

This paper, one of a series which have already appeared in previous issues, focuses on the role of people, their judgments and their styles in the process of making and taking decisions concerning the future; that future and the decisions which will shape it being part of the complex strategic planning process. The author does not deal with decision analysis but concentrates his analysis upon the delicate balance which is maintained between what Sir Geoffrey Vickers calls ‘the art of judgement’ and the quantifiable elements of decision. The author rightly makes a distinction between decision-making: and decision-taking: this distinction accurately mirrors the long and often complex consultation process which occurs in almost all organizations before a decision is actually taken. The author's analysis concentrates upon the important effect which ‘judgement styles’ can have upon an organization and its planning process. Indeed, this paper suggests quite positively that judgment styles have an important and indeed crucial effect upon the view of the future which an organization will regard as preferable as well as influencing the manner in which the planning process will operate.     

基于AHP的新疆综合开发治理战略决策分析

本文基于已有的研究及调研结果,运用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)和专家咨询相结合的方法建立了新疆综合开发治理战略决策结构模型,按总目标、战略目标、发展战略、制约因素四个层次,分析了各层次间的相互联系与相互制约关系,确定了各级指标的权重,从而得出这些因素对实现总目标的影响或重要程度。研究表明,运用层次分析方法对新疆综合开发治理战略决策进行定量分析,可以有效指导新疆未来的发展战略,这对于新疆综合开发治理战略的实施具有重要的理论和实践价值。     

Supervision und Coaching im Feld der klinischen Neuropsychologie

Supervision and coaching in the field of clinical neuropsychologyThe author discusses the special importance of supervision and coaching in the clinical neuropsychology. At first, she shows the origins of both consultation forms, then she discusses supervision and coaching as methods of quality management in hospitals as well as their importance for the patients as vocational rehabilitation, before they return into their jobs.     

Consulting--Part 1. Why consultations fail

The first article in this series describes a research project--a survey of more than 300 physician executives. Asked to share their personal experiences of unsuccessful consultations, our correspondents painted a picture of what can go wrong when organizational consultants enter health care systems, and described the lasting destructive sequelae to failed consultations. The two issues responsible for most failed consultations were the intrusion of internal politics into the consultation process and the failure to clearly establish and maintain consensual goals. Part 2 of this series will explore the consultation process from a different perspective, examining the issues that often trigger requests for consultation services and the dynamics that can foreshadow success or failure before consultants are even engaged.     

Quantifying experts' uncertainty about the future cost of exotic diseases

Since the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak of 2001 in the United Kingdom, there has been debate about the sharing, between government and industry, both the costs of livestock disease outbreaks and responsibility for the decisions that give rise to them. As part of a consultation into the formation of a new body to manage livestock diseases, government veterinarians and economists produced estimates of the average annual costs for a number of exotic infectious diseases. In this article, we demonstrate how the government experts were helped to quantify their uncertainties about the cost estimates using formal expert elicitation techniques. This has enabled the decisionmakers to have a greater appreciation of government experts' uncertainty in this policy area.     

Consulting--Part 2. The art and science of using consultants

Part I of this series described a research project--a survey of more than 300 physician executives. Asked to share their personal experiences of unsuccessful consultations, our correspondents painted a clear picture of what can go wrong when organizational consultants enter health care systems, and described the lasting destructive sequelae to failed consultations. The two issues responsible for most failed consultations were the intrusion of internal politics into the process and the failure to clearly establish and maintain consensual goals. In Part 2, the consultation process is explored from a very different perspective. What are the issues that often trigger requests for consultation services, as well as the dynamics that can foreshadow success or failure before consultants are even engaged? What are the pitfalls and pointers for the successful use of consultation services?     

Choosing the Right Expert System Building Approach

The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is used to systematically examine the relative appropriateness of contending expert system building approaches—algorithmic programming languages, symbolic programming languages, expert system shells, and knowledge engineering environments based upon characteristics of application domains and development environments. Two expert system projects, Back Expert, and R&D Expert, illustrate the value of this methodology. Domain and development environment characteristics identified in the AHP approach are then used to construct rule-based and Lotus 1-2-3 expert systems for selecting the right expert system building approach.     

Elicitation of Quantitative Data from a Heterogeneous Expert Panel: Formal Process and Application in Animal Health

This paper presents a protocol for a formal expert judgment process using a heterogeneous expert panel aimed at the quantification of continuous variables. The emphasis is on the process's requirements related to the nature of expertise within the panel, in particular the heterogeneity of both substantive and normative expertise. The process provides the opportunity for interaction among the experts so that they fully understand and agree upon the problem at hand, including qualitative aspects relevant to the variables of interest, prior to the actual quantification task. Individual experts' assessments on the variables of interest, cast in the form of subjective probability density functions, are elicited with a minimal demand for normative expertise. The individual experts' assessments are aggregated into a single probability density function per variable, thereby weighting the experts according to their expertise. Elicitation techniques proposed include the Delphi technique for the qualitative assessment task and the ELI method for the actual quantitative assessment task. Appropriately, the Classical model was used to weight the experts' assessments in order to construct a single distribution per variable. Applying this model, the experts' quality typically was based on their performance on seed variables. An application of the proposed protocol in the broad and multidisciplinary field of animal health is presented. Results of this expert judgment process showed that the proposed protocol in combination with the proposed elicitation and analysis techniques resulted in valid data on the (continuous) variables of interest. In conclusion, the proposed protocol for a formal expert judgment process aimed at the elicitation of quantitative data from a heterogeneous expert panel provided satisfactory results. Hence, this protocol might be useful for expert judgment studies in other broad and/or multidisciplinary fields of interest.     

Technological forecasting a criticism of the Delphi technique

The author criticises the “Delphi” method of forecasting technological developments by obtaining a consensus of opinion among experts. He argues that the problem is not to forecast what might happen, but rather to decide what should happen and he suggests improvements in the Delphi technique which would change it from an ad hoc method old crytal ball gazing” into a system for continuous consultation among “responsible organizations”.     

Developing expert systems for management applications

The Alvey Report has resulted in a growing interest in the UK in ‘expert systems’. It is fairly generally accepted, at least in the UK, that such systems function in a particular type of way, i.e. they arrive at decisions through a process of rule based inference. It is suggested that it may be more fruitful to regard rule based inference as one approach to the construction of expert systems, and that proven techniques of operational research may well be more useful in constructing other types of expert system. Alternative applications of expert systems are derived on the basis of a broader definition of an expert system in terms of what it does rather than how it does it. A parallel is drawn between these applications and some typical concerns of business research. It is suggested that a useful aid in identifying promising business applications of expert systems is to set up four ‘dimensions’ along which different types of system differ. Examples are given of where other techniques might conceivably be useful in applications of expert systems.     

Combining Experts’ Judgments: Comparison of Algorithmic Methods Using Synthetic Data

Expert judgment (or expert elicitation) is a formal process for eliciting judgments from subject‐matter experts about the value of a decision‐relevant quantity. Judgments in the form of subjective probability distributions are obtained from several experts, raising the question how best to combine information from multiple experts. A number of algorithmic approaches have been proposed, of which the most commonly employed is the equal‐weight combination (the average of the experts’ distributions). We evaluate the properties of five combination methods (equal‐weight, best‐expert, performance, frequentist, and copula) using simulated expert‐judgment data for which we know the process generating the experts’ distributions. We examine cases in which two well‐calibrated experts are of equal or unequal quality and their judgments are independent, positively or negatively dependent. In this setting, the copula, frequentist, and best‐expert approaches perform better and the equal‐weight combination method performs worse than the alternative approaches.     

A Structured Literature Review for Risk Assessment: EMF and Human Health Risk

The volume of publications on any given topic makes it difficult to select an appropriate subset of publications for review by an expert panel. This paper proposes a method for selecting a subset using a protocol that attempts to order publications based upon good research methods. The protocol was followed by graduate students with no expert knowledge of the area they were reviewing. They reduced 11730 articles on the topic of EMF and Health risk to 68 articles that were reviewed by an expert panel. The interrater reliability was 96% and 94% of the relevant articles were captured by this process.     

Wenn im Coaching die Paardynamik die Oberhand gewinnt

With the aid of two coaching cases it is illustrated how the consultation process can lead to a negative result if the consulters are trying to leave out their so called private live because they are afraid.