琉球问题所涉“剩余主权”论的历史与法律考察

"剩余主权"论是美国和日本在1971年签订《琉球与大东群岛协定》的理论基础,美国据此将"琉球与大东群岛"区域交由日本"管理",日本称之为"冲绳归还"。"剩余主权"论从杜勒斯最早提出到《琉球与大东群岛协定》中的演变,其内容不统一,理论也不完整,还存在与联合国托管制度不兼容等诸多法律障碍。鉴于"剩余主权"论本身的非法性与无效性,它不能成为日本拥有琉球主权的依据。     

徐葆光的《中山传信录》与钓鱼岛历史主权的考察

康熙五十八年(1719年),清廷派遣苏州府长洲县人徐葆光出使琉球,颁以册封副使身份陪同翰林院检讨海宝正使前往琉球册封尚敬王.归国后著有《中山传信录》一书,记述其册封琉球国王、测量琉球国的经过以及琉球的山川地理、制度文化等内容.其中,赴琉航海部分和琉球地理方面的记载涉及钓鱼岛海域领土管辖.本文对书中三幅地图和所引《指南广义》的记录做一剖析,以证钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿是中国的固有领土.     

沧桑琉球:琉球国·中国·日本

琉球国是一度占据西太平洋琉球群岛的一个独立王国。在1372年,琉球国正式与中国的明王朝确立了朝贡关系,成为明王朝的藩属国。本文在概略描述琉球国起源、发展变化的基础上,分别就琉球国与中国的接触与交往、琉球国与日本的关系、日本强占琉球的因由及中日就琉球归属的交涉等方面做了较为详细的梳理与探讨,以期对涉及琉球国的诸多相关问题有更为深入而清晰的认识。     

琉球托管的国际法研究——兼论钓鱼岛的主权归属问题

在中日钓鱼岛争端中,琉球托管问题占据着一个特殊的但常常为人忽视的地位.美国“二战”后托管琉球并于20世纪70年代将琉球“返还”日本,并将钓鱼岛非法划入“归还领土”之列,这成为日本对钓鱼岛主权主张的重要一环.本文另辟蹊径,围绕琉球托管问题和钓鱼岛争端的关联,在挖掘中日间琉球交涉及此后美国托管琉球的历史的基础上,结合国际托管制度,论证美国托管琉球及美日私相授受琉球的非法性,为我国反驳日本对钓鱼岛的主权主张提供有力论据.     

三次“琉球处分”与近代以来琉球主权归属问题研究

三次"琉球处分"不仅是冲绳人一再被"出卖"(处分)的历史,也反映了琉球、中国、日本以及域外力量美国两者及其三者之间的历史恩怨,因此也是探寻琉球主权归属问题的主导线索。在这三次处分过程中,各利益相关方不断进行着"处分"与"反处分"的斗争,琉球岛内反"处分"的斗争最为激烈和持久,并一直延续到今天。三次"琉球处分"是东亚国际秩序演变的产物,其背后掩盖着近代日本国家发展道路的轨迹以及美国在东亚地区的安全战略。对于美日两大强国,或者说是某种程度上的宗主国,琉球重要的战略地位使其一直扮演着"棋子"的角色。本文以此为线索,通过回顾三次处分的历史过程并分析各方决定的深层次原因,从而探讨内置于东亚近代史的琉球主权归属的历史和法理依据。     

琉球称谓演变中的“去本土化”历程

琉球国的称谓及所属范围,是伴随邻近国家或列强之间政治与经济关系变革而随之更迭,同时也反映出琉球国在周边大国强势下的从属地位。日本在琉球称谓的形成及其演变过程当中不断运用多种混淆视听的"去本土化"手法,逐渐蚕食与吞并琉球国并使其纳入到日本的管辖范围内。即使在二战前中日之间对于琉球国归属的争夺,乃至冷战中美苏博弈后遗留下的冲绳问题,均能映射出日本在处理琉球国地位问题中所使用的更改行政区域、掩人耳目的"去本土化"历程。     

琉球名称的演变与冲绳问题的产生

琉球曾经是中华朝贡属国体系中的重要成员之一,但1879年日本吞并琉球之后,将其划为冲绳县,从而改变了琉球原来的政治属性及地域范围。二战结束以后,美国基于冷战的需要,急于实现对日媾和。日本则趁此机会将琉球的名称及地域范围作了有利于自身的修改,并在旧金山《对日和约》中予以确认。旧金山《对日和约》的签署标志着冲绳问题的产生,而冲绳问题对战后中日关系、美日关系的发展都产生了深远的影响。     

《使琉球录》中的钓鱼岛史料性质之研究

明清两代琉球册封使所撰写的出使报告是记载钓鱼岛主权属我的最丰富、最集中的文献。从明朝嘉靖十四年(1535)陈侃的《使琉球录》到清朝同治五年(1866)赵新的《续琉球国志略》,十三部官方正式出使奏报连续不断地记载了中琉航线上的钓鱼列岛是在我国的海疆之内,起"镇山""界山"作用的赤尾屿位于中琉自然疆域分界的"落漈""黑水沟"以西,属中国所有,而姑米山乃琉球王国西南极限,是进入其国境之门户,琉球所辖的三十六岛不包括钓鱼列屿。除递呈朝廷的出使报告外,在琉球册封使的饯别诗文、使团成员所著的文集甚至与使节相关的家谱、墓志铭等传世、出土文献中,都留有较多的钓鱼岛相关记载,它们再次有力地证明了钓鱼岛属于中国确凿无疑。     

琉球亡国与东亚封贡体制功能的丧失

近代以前东亚地区传统的国际秩序框架是以中国为中心的封贡体制,其功能主要体现在政治、经济和文化三个方面。明清时期是封贡体制发展的鼎盛时期,同时也是其功能逐渐丧失、走向崩溃的时期。琉球王国是这一时期封贡体制内的重要成员,随着日本的对外扩张和东亚地区形势的变化,琉球逐渐走向灭亡。琉球的亡国对传统东亚封贡体制产生了重要影响。本文从封贡体制的内部和外部两个方面考察了琉球亡国的原因。     

中国最先发现、命名、占有钓鱼岛之再考

中国古代文献与琉球权威史书均证明,钓鱼岛及其相关海上航线是中国最先发现、命名、占有并利用的。中国隋朝的相关记载有待进一步考证。明朝初年,中国与琉球国建立册封与朝贡关系后,钓鱼岛就由中方巡航、利用和有效占有。《顺风相送》一书的记载很可能与郑和奉命赴东洋、下西洋的两洋航海有关,其最终成书时间并不影响中国最早发现、命名钓鱼岛的确凿事实。琉球国大学者程顺则于1798年撰著的《指南广义》也清楚、详细地就此作出记载。即便按照日本有关国际法先占原则的解释,最早有效占有钓鱼岛的也是中国,钓鱼岛从来不是所谓的"无主地"。     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).