锦标赛制度与基金风险调整:理论拓展与经验证据

从理论与实证角度分析了CEO开放性特征对战略惯性及组织绩效的作用机制,得到以下研究结论:第一,CEO开放性程度越高,组织越倾向于采取适应环境的动态资源配置战略,从而组织的战略惯性程度越低;第二,CEO的股权拥有程度和自主权高低程度对其开放性程度与组织惯性之间关系起到显著调节作用,即CEO持股水平越高则开放性CEO维持组织战略现状的动机越强,而CEO所拥有的管理自主权越高则越倾向于去打破组织的战略现状;第三,组织制度环境对CEO开放性程度与战略惯性之间关系同样起到显著的调节作用,在国企任职的CEO相对于家族企业任职的CEO而言,其开放性程度对组织惯性的负向影响程度更小;第四,相比于线性关系,倒U型假设更有助于解释战略惯性与组织绩效之间的关系。     

业绩期望差距与企业战略调整——基于中国上市公司的实证研究

本文基于企业行为理论分析了业绩期望差距与战略调整之间的关系,并探讨了权力主体的特征,即控股股东身份、CEO个性和来源,以及所拥有的资源禀赋的调节作用。基于中国上市公司的数据,得到以下研究结论:(1)随着业绩期望落差的扩大,组织为解决困境和规避利益损失,实施战略调整的程度越大。(2)家族控股股东在业绩期望落差扩大时,因面临经济性和非经济性的损失更高,通过战略变革而规避损失的动机和需求更为强烈,实施战略调整的程度随之提高。(3)开放性和外部聘任的CEO拥有更高的决策能力和行为自由度,从而强化了在业绩期望落差状态下实施战略调整的程度。(4)权力主体所拥有的资源禀赋越多,意味着实施战略变革所需的基础条件越充足,进一步强化了在业绩期望落差扩大时的战略调整程度。本研究充分表明了期望水平与权力主体特征在战略调整过程中的重要性。     

制度环境、CEO权力与企业战略风格

检验CEO权力强度如何影响企业战略风格,以及这种影响在不同的制度环境中是否存在差异.研究发现:CEO权力越大,战略风格越趋向于风险型;反之,CEO权力越小,战略风格越趋向于稳健型.制度环境负向调节CEO权力强度与企业战略风格之间的关系.即在其他条件相同的情况下,相对于地区制度环境约束性较强的公司,CEO权力强度对企业战略风格的影响在地区制度环境约束性较弱的公司中更为显著.进一步检验发现,企业战略风格越趋于风险型,企业绩效波动性越大;而企业战略风格在CEO权力与企业绩效波动性之间发挥中介作用.     

CEO关联、内部治理与企业绩效北大核心CSSCI

CEO关联是影响企业内部决策效率和企业绩效的重要因素之一。已有研究大多集中于社会网络关系和人口统计特征相似性产生的关联,忽略了CEO雇佣高管或建议提名董事产生的关联。此外,已有研究过度关注对CEO关联结果的探讨,而忽略了内外部环境要素对CEO关联结果的影响。在此背景下,基于高层梯队理论、现代管家理论和代理理论,从管理者特质和权力的视角,探讨基于雇佣高管或建议提名董事产生的CEO关联的差异对企业绩效的影响机理。以2009年至2014年沪、深两市A股上市公司数据为研究样本,运用STATA 12.0和多元回归分析方法,系统分析并检验基于雇佣高管或建议提名董事产生的CEO关联与企业绩效之间的关系,并进一步考察企业内部治理对这种CEO关联与企业绩效之间关系的调节效应。研究结果表明,CEO与其他高管之间基于雇佣关系产生的关联与企业绩效之间呈现显著的倒U形关系,即随着CEO与其他高管之间关联的增强,企业业绩提升,但当CEO与高管之间的关联程度高于临界值0.400时,随着CEO与其他高管之间关联程度的增强,企业业绩开始下降;CEO与董事之间基于建议提名关系产生的关联与企业绩效之间没有显著的相关关系;股权集中度、董事会勤勉程度和监事会监督力度等企业内部治理机制对CEO和其他高管之间基于雇佣关系产生的关联与企业绩效之间的关系有显著的正向调节作用。民营控股上市企业中CEO和其他高管之间基于雇佣关系产生的关联与企业绩效之间的倒U形关系以及内部治理机制的正向调节作用均显著,而国有控股上市企业中CEO关联与企业绩效之间没有显著的相关关系。研究结果对深入认识CEO关联的价值效应及形成的内在逻辑、防范上市企业治理风险提供了有益启示。建议上市公司适度给予CEO聘任高管的权力,且在公司治理实践中注意运用和平衡企业内部正式机制与非正式机制之间的潜在替代关系,保障差异化情景下企业潜在收益的最大化。     

考虑采购资金约束的物流服务能力采购决策

CEO关联是影响企业内部决策效率和企业绩效的重要因素之一。已有研究大多集中于社会网络关系和人口统计特征相似性产生的关联,忽略了CEO雇佣高管或建议提名董事产生的关联。此外,已有研究过度关注对CEO关联结果的探讨,而忽略了内外部环境要素对CEO关联结果的影响。 在此背景下,基于高层梯队理论、现代管家理论和代理理论,从管理者特质和权力的视角,探讨基于雇佣高管或建议提名董事产生的CEO关联的差异对企业绩效的影响机理。以2009年至2014年沪、深两市A股上市公司数据为研究样本,运用STATA 12.0和多元回归分析方法,系统分析并检验基于雇佣高管或建议提名董事产生的CEO关联与企业绩效之间的关系,并进一步考察企业内部治理对这种CEO关联与企业绩效之间关系的调节效应。 研究结果表明,CEO与其他高管之间基于雇佣关系产生的关联与企业绩效之间呈现显著的倒U形关系,即随着CEO与其他高管之间关联的增强,企业业绩提升,但当CEO与高管之间的关联程度高于临界值0.400时,随着CEO与其他高管之间关联程度的增强,企业业绩开始下降;CEO与董事之间基于建议提名关系产生的关联与企业绩效之间没有显著的相关关系;股权集中度、董事会勤勉程度和监事会监督力度等企业内部治理机制对CEO和其他高管之间基于雇佣关系产生的关联与企业绩效之间的关系有显著的正向调节作用。民营控股上市企业中CEO和其他高管之间基于雇佣关系产生的关联与企业绩效之间的倒U形关系以及内部治理机制的正向调节作用均显著,而国有控股上市企业中CEO关联与企业绩效之间没有显著的相关关系。 研究结果对深入认识CEO关联的价值效应及形成的内在逻辑、防范上市企业治理风险提供了有益启示。建议上市公司适度给予CEO聘任高管的权力,且在公司治理实践中注意运用和平衡企业内部正式机制与非正式机制之间的潜在替代关系,保障差异化情景下企业潜在收益的最大化。     

亲缘关系、创新能力与企业绩效

本文认为,CEO与控制性股东之间的亲缘关系会影响企业的创新能力,是解释家族企业治理效率的重要理论依据之一.通过构建有中介的调节变量模型,本文以2001-2005年沪深两市上市的家族企业为样本,实证检验了家族上市公司CEO与控制性股东之间的亲缘关系对企业绩效的影响,以及创新能力在此关系中的中介作用和股权结构的调节作用.结果显示:(1)家族上市公司CEO与控制性股东之间的亲缘关系与企业创新能力和企业绩效之间均存在显著的正相关关系;(2)创新能力与企业绩效之间存在显著的正相关关系,且创新能力在亲缘关系对企业绩效的影响路径中起部分中介作用;(3)股权结构形式对亲缘关系与创新能力和企业绩效之间的关系起显著的调节作用.即相对于直接持股式股权结构.金字塔式股权结构下亲缘关系对企业创新能力和企业绩效的影响更强.     

CEO变革型领导行为、组织认同与组织惯例更新:集体主义倾向的调节效应

数字化时代,组织惯例更新是企业数字化转型,获取竞争优势的基础,也是组织惯例理论和管理实践关注的焦点。基于社会认同理论,本文以中高层管理者为研究对象,探讨CEO变革型领导行为影响组织惯例更新的机制和情境。通过统计软件SPSS和AMOS对203份高管团队及中层管理者匹配的数据分析发现：CEO变革型领导行为对中层管理者组织认同和组织惯例更新具有正向影响作用,中层管理者组织认同在CEO变革型领导行为与组织惯例更新的关系间起到中介作用。中层管理者集体主义倾向不仅调节了组织认同与组织惯例更新之间的关系,还进一步调节了组织认同在CEO变革型领导行为与组织惯例更新之间关系中的中介效用,即中层管理者集体主义倾向越低,CEO变革型领导行为通过组织认同对组织惯例更新的间接影响作用越强。研究结论有利于深入探讨CEO变革型领导行为影响组织惯例更新的中介机制和情境,并有效指导企业的组织惯例更新实践。     

CEO谦卑对企业绩效的非线性影响机制研究

基于高阶理论和社会信息加工理论,通过138家企业的多源多时点数据,探讨了CEO谦卑与企业绩效的非线性关系、作用机制及边界条件。研究结果表明,CEO谦卑与企业绩效之间存在倒U形曲线关系;容错氛围与企业绩效之间存在倒U形曲线关系,容错氛围中介了CEO谦卑和企业绩效之间的倒U形关系;高绩效要求负向调节CEO谦卑和容错氛围与企业绩效的倒U形关系,当企业高绩效要求越低时,倒U形关系越强。     

“萧规曹随”还是“弃旧图新”:前任CEO离职去向对国有企业战略变革的影响

长期以来,行政逻辑在中国国有企业运营实践中起着主导作用。为了揭示嵌入于国有企业中的行政逻辑,现有的理论研究多通过分析国有企业现任CEO的决策如何影响其变更,而没有考虑前任CEO给现任CEO决策所带来的参照效应。在新一阶段国有企业改革的大背景下,本文试图从这一角度验证国有企业中的行政逻辑,同时也为进一步推进国有企业中经济逻辑的主导作用提供依据。在综合制度理论的制度逻辑视角与社会学习理论基础上,本研究聚焦于国有企业CEO变更情境下前任CEO的离职去向如何影响新任CEO的战略选择。以2005—2017年发生过CEO变更的A股国有上市公司为样本,实证研究发现：前任CEO如果获得晋升,新任CEO更倾向于模仿前任CEO的战略决策而不实施变革;而前任CEO如果被降职,新任CEO则倾向于极力规避那些导致前任CEO降职的行为,较大程度地实施战略变革。同时,新任CEO年龄削弱了前任CEO晋升对战略变革的负向影响;环境不确定性加强了前任CEO降职对战略变革的正向影响。进一步研究发现,新任CEO基于前任CEO离职去向而实施的战略变革程度有利于改善企业绩效,说明行政逻辑与经济逻辑同时嵌入在国有企业运营中。此外,...     

韧性领导力对员工行为的双刃剑效应研究

基于自我决定理论,通过3个阶段收集的490份问卷数据,探究韧性领导力对员工行为的双刃剑效应。研究结果表明：韧性领导力与主动担责行为、亲组织非伦理行为正相关;和谐型激情在韧性领导力与主动担责行为、强迫型激情在韧性领导力与亲组织非伦理行为之间分别起到中介作用;环境不确定性在韧性领导力与和谐型激情、韧性领导力与强迫型激情之间起到调节作用;环境不确定性程度越高,韧性领导力与和谐型激情之间的关系越强;环境不确定性越低,韧性领导力与强迫型激情关系越强;同时调节了韧性领导力通过和谐型激情对主动担责行为、韧性领导力通过强迫型激情对亲组织非伦理行为的中介作用。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.