企业资源、所有权性质与国际化程度——来自中国制造业上市公司的证据

本文基于资源基础理论和代理理论,探讨企业资源、所有权性质对国际化程度的影响。研究表明,企业资源对国际化程度有影响,并且知识资源比物质资源对国际化程度的影响更持久。具体而言,财务资源对国际化程度具有显著的正面影响,营销资源对国际化程度具有显著的负面影响,组织冗余与国际化程度呈U型关系。最后,基于中国特定的制度背景,本文提出并检验了所有权性质对于企业资源与国际化程度的关系具有调节作用的假说,发现与国有控股企业相比,非国有控股企业更偏好国际化战略,企业资源对国际化程度的影响更显著。     

国际化战略与企业绩效关系的争议——国际研究评述

国际化是否有助于企业提高绩效?本文回顾了已有文献中关于企业的国际化程度与企业绩效关系的各种不同观点——两者正相关、负相关、倒U形关系、U形关系、水平S形关系、N形关系、甚至不相关,其各自的理论与实证依据,以及中国的相关研究。本文提出两者关系差异结果来源于三方面:1.模型形式的确定:即主关系模型为线性(正相关或负相关)、二次方(倒U形或U形)还是三次方(水平S形或N形);2.指标体系的构建:即解释变量"国际化"和被解释变量"企业绩效"的指标选取与合理测量,其中国际化的测量方法主要有国际化深度指标、国际化广度指标、国际化复合指标三种,企业绩效的测量方法主要有会计指标、市场指标、综合指标三类;3.调节变量的纳入:国际化—企业绩效的关系除受国际化阶段和测度方式影响外,还受宏观层面的投资区域、投资产业、投资母国、东道国制度,及企业层面的进入模式、国际化节奏、产品多元化、无形资产投资等调节因素影响,选取合适的调节变量进入主关系模型,也将是本问题研究的重要突破点。本文据此建立了一个揭示"国际化—企业绩效"关联机制的融合性理论框架,为后续研究奠定工作基础和提供参考启示。     

国际化程度与绩效关系的中外企业差异——来自500强企业的经验证据北大核心CSCDCSSCI

"国际化战略是否有助于提升企业绩效"一直存在较大争议,其中尚缺乏对不同发达程度国家的企业进行对比分析的经验证据.以世界500强和中国500强企业为样本,在统一的研究框架下检验了国际化与绩效之间关系的中外企业差异.研究发现,在整体关系上,发达国家企业的国际化提升了企业绩效,而中国企业则相反;在曲线关系上,发达国家企业的国际化与绩效之间呈现出N形关系,而中国企业的曲线关系假设并不成立;资产密集度对发达国家企业的国际化与绩效之间关系具有正调节作用,而对中国企业则相反.针对这些差异,提出了一些可能的解释.研究结果有益于理清国际化与企业绩效之间的复杂关系,为中国企业的国际化战略也提供了启示.     

国际化程度与绩效关系的中外企业差异——来自500 强企业的经验证据

"国际化战略是否有助于提升企业绩效"一直存在较大争议,其中尚缺乏对不同发达程度国家的企业进行对比分析的经验证据.以世界500强和中国500强企业为样本,在统一的研究框架下检验了国际化与绩效之间关系的中外企业差异.研究发现,在整体关系上,发达国家企业的国际化提升了企业绩效,而中国企业则相反;在曲线关系上,发达国家企业的国际化与绩效之间呈现出N形关系,而中国企业的曲线关系假设并不成立;资产密集度对发达国家企业的国际化与绩效之间关系具有正调节作用,而对中国企业则相反.针对这些差异,提出了一些可能的解释.研究结果有益于理清国际化与企业绩效之间的复杂关系,为中国企业的国际化战略也提供了启示.     

战略国际人力资源管理与企业绩效关系研究——基于在华跨国企业的经验证据

企业国际化中人力资源实践如何影响绩效,既是一个国际企业管理问题,更是人力资源管理领域的中心问题;因为任何一种国际化战略的成功都离不开恰当的人力资源管理方式,而成功的跨国公司对人力资源管理的导向选择也主要取决于它能否更好地支撑其国际化战略的实施.本文以100家在华跨国企业为研究样本,在战略国际人力资源管理(SIHRM)的框架下,将人力资源管理系统和国际化程度对企业绩效的影响作为主要研究问题,构建层级回归模型,通过实证检验考察人力资源管理与企业绩效的关系.研究结果表明,企业绩效不仅同人力资源管理与企业战略的整合程度有关,而且同人力资源管理系统与国际化程度之间存在积极的联系.该研究结论为中国企业在国际化过程中如何实施有效的战略国际人力资源管理以提升组织绩效并获取持续竞争优势提供借鉴与参考.     

冗余资源、创业拼凑与瞬时竞争优势北大核心CSCDCSSCI

冗余资源对企业瞬时竞争优势有重要影响,但已有研究对两者关系有竞争性观点.此外,既有研究缺少对冗余资源影响瞬时竞争优势的内在机制及其适用条件的理论解释和证据.为了弥补这两个研究空白,本文整合企业行为理论和资源约束理论,提出并检验了冗余资源与瞬时竞争优势的正U型曲线关系,以及中介机制和情境因素.利用软件行业企业的调查数据,研究发现:1)冗余资源和瞬时竞争优势呈正U型关系;2)冗余资源和创业拼凑呈正U型关系;3)创业拼凑在冗余资源和瞬时竞争优势的非线性关系间起中介作用;4)环境不确定性、资源柔性对冗余资源和创业拼凑的关系起正向调节作用;5)创业拼凑的中介效应受到环境不确定性、资源柔性的正向调节.研究表明,在超竞争环境下,冗余资源是企业瞬时竞争优势的重要来源,但企业必须警惕“中等资源陷阱”;同时,冗余资源的绩效意义通过创业拼凑得以实现,且创业拼凑的中介作用在高环境不确定性和高资源柔性的条件下更显著.研究结论对拥有冗余资源,尤其是过剩产能的企业有重要的实践启发.     

资源获取、资源管理对创业绩效的影响研究

将创业资源获取划分为运营资源获取与知识资源获取,分别研究其与创业绩效的关系,并引入资源管理这一调节变量,探讨资源管理对资源获取两个维度与创业绩效关系的不同调节作用。以165家创业企业为样本进行实证分析,研究表明,不同类型的资源获取对创业绩效的影响不同:运营资源获取与创业绩效呈倒U型关系;知识资源获取与创业绩效呈U型关系。资源管理在不同类型资源获取与创业绩效之间发挥不同的调节作用:资源管理强化了运营资源获取与创业绩效之间的倒U型关系,弱化了知识资源获取与创业绩效之间的U型关系。     

制度环境多样性、跨地区经营经验与服务企业产品市场绩效——来自中国证券业的经验证据

企业在跨地区经营时不可避免地要面对各地区多样化的制度环境,不同地区的制度环境对企业提出的要求不同,甚至是相互矛盾的.因此,如何适应多样化的制度环境是企业跨地区经营面临的重大挑战.本文提出了制度环境多样性这一概念,并进一步基于制度理论探讨制度环境多样性和跨地区经营经验对服务企业产品市场绩效的影响.通过理论分析和基于中国证券企业数据的实证检验发现:(1)制度环境多样性与企业产品市场绩效呈倒U形关系,说明制度环境多样性水平过低或过高均不利于提高产品市场绩效;(2)跨地区经营经验对产品市场绩效有正向影响;(3)跨地区经营经验对制度环境多样性与产品市场绩效的关系有调节作用:跨地区经营经验越丰富,制度环境多样性对产品市场绩效的影响越小.本研究首次从理论和实证上探讨了制度环境多样性和跨地区经营经验对企业产品市场绩效的影响,研究结论对服务企业跨地区经营决策有重要启示.     

学习理论视角下的企业生态创新与绩效关系研究

以多重视角提出并实证检验生态创新与经济绩效之间存在倒U型关系;并进一步挖掘与检验企业从“绿”到“金”受到组织学习能力这一互补性资产的调节作用.实证结果表明,在高水平组织学习企业,生态创新与经济绩效呈显著的U型关系;指出并检验了组织学习对生态创新与经济绩效的调节效应是通过环境绩效(生态创新有别于其他创新活动的重要变量)传导的.     

我国民营企业政治关联、多元化战略与公司绩效

本文以我国2002-2005年在沪深证券交易所上市的民营企业为样本,综合考察了政治关联与多元化对公司绩效的共同影响,探讨企业政治关联是否具有多元化效应,这种多元化效应是否真正促进了企业绩效的实现。本文研究结果发现:第一,无政治关联企业的多元化与公司业绩关系呈倒U型,具有政治关联的企业多元化与公司业绩关系呈逆L型;第二,具有政治关联的企业更可能实施多元化,尤其是非相关多元化;第三,有政治关联的民营企业在进行国际化发展时,更有可能通过非相关多元化战略进行扩张,但是对于无政治关联的企业,则更可能通过专业化战略拓展海外市场。进一步,本文发现,国际化与相关多元化在一定程度上存在着替代关系,而与非相关多元化存在一定程度的互补关系;第四,具有政治关联企业的多元化(包括相关多元化与非相关多元化)比无政治关联企业更可能促进企业短期经营状况的改善,即会计绩效的提高;但具有政治关联企业的非相关多元化将对未来的绩效表现产生负面影响,即损害公司的市场价值。     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.