零供冲突中产品下架对双方品牌绩效的影响研究——消费者视角

现有文献忽视了零售商与供应商冲突(简称零供冲突)中产品下架所导致的双方的无形损失.本文采用实验法模拟零供冲突情境,基于心理抗拒、情绪信息等理论,研究了消费者在店铺/品牌忠诚以及负面情绪影响下应对冲突下架的反应,以及最终对零供双方品牌绩效的影响.研究结果表明:无论负面情绪高低,当消费者对供应商的品牌忠诚度高(低)于其对零售商的店铺忠诚度时,消费者更倾向于采取店铺(品牌)转换行为应对冲突下架,零售商(供应商)受到的损失更大;当供应商与零售商的顾客忠诚度均高(低)时,消费者应对冲突下架的行为因负面情绪的高低而有所不同:负面情绪较高时,对零供双方忠诚度均高(低)的消费者更倾向于选择取消购买行为,双方损失均大,而负面情绪较低时,对零供双方忠诚度均高(低)的消费者更倾向于选择延迟购买(店铺转换)行为,零售商损失更大.此外,消费者的负面情绪越大(小),品牌转换、店铺转换、取消购买对零供双方品牌绩效的影响被增强(减弱).研究较为全面地回答了"零供冲突谁更受损"问题,对零供双方是否应该挑起冲突提供了管理启示.     

服务不满意情境下的消费者反应类型测评及高阶因子分析

过去对于消费者不满意的研究主要关注的是服务失误和消费者抱怨.在消费者抱怨的相关研究中,学者们提出了消费者抱怨行为(CCB)、消费者反应预测(CRE)以及消费者抱怨反应(CCR)来解释消费者的抱怨行为,但对于消费者不满意之后的其它反应类型研究较少.本研究基于学者们对抱怨类型的研究以及组织行为理论中雇员反应类型(EVLN)模型的研究,探讨在消费者行为研究中,消费者对于不满意的反应类型.通过探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,我们确定了五种消费者在不满意情景下可能有的反应类型.我们希望企业能够认识到不同的反应类型,从而提高服务质量和服务补救的有效性.     

网店信息呈现的框架效应对消费者购买决策的影响研究

目前有关在线消费者购买意愿的研究，绝大多数是基于实验统计的方法，分析影响消费者购买决策的因素，网店信息呈现的框架形式往往仅作为其中的关键因素被一些研究提及并加以验证。但是，"形态各异"的信息到底如何影响消费者心理进而影响到他们的决策？商家如何从消费者心理的微观层面来设计信息呈现策略，从而增强其购买意愿？目前关于此的研究尚不多见。本研究从前景理论的决策参考点视角，以价格因素为例，一方面，通过情境实验，验证了价格信息的不同呈现框架对于消费者购买意愿的影响作用；另一方面，在利用情境实验界定了消费者心理价格参考点的基础上，通过决策模型的构建和计算，从微观层面分析了不同价格信息呈现框架下，消费者购买选择大相径庭的原因。研究结果表明：（1）在风险框架下，相对于用不确定的语言来描述商品价格信息，确定性语言描述会使消费者的心理价格参考点和购买意愿更高。（2）在属性框架下，相对于用负面的语言来描述商品信息，正面的语言描述更能提高消费者的心理价格参考点和购买意愿。（3）在目标框架下，相对于强调购买行为可能给消费者带来的收益，强调不购买该商品可能给消费者带来的损失更有助于消费者的心理价格参考点和购买意愿的提高。基于上述研究结果，作者围绕网店如何有效的呈现信息提出了管理建议，并讨论了本研究的理论意义与应用价值。     

从国外品牌手机的购买意愿看Fishbein模型的适用性以及文化适应的影响

Fishbein行为倾向模型认为消费者对于购买某种产品或品牌的态度以及从众心理会影响购买意愿,由于是基于西方消费者的产品购买行为发展而来,该模型在不同文化下的适用性一直是学术界关注的问题,外来文化会影响消费者对传统价值观的接受以及对产品品牌的选择,产生文化适应现象.对于中国年轻一代消费者,特别是大学生这个重要的消费群体来说,模型能否有效地解释其国外品牌手机的购买意愿,文化适应是否会影响其购买行为是本研究关注的问题.研究结果显示,模型可以解释大学生消费者对国外品牌手机的购买行为,但是在手机产品上的消费经验会对模型的适用性产生影响,而文化适应性也会直接影响购买意愿.     

在线购物观察学习的社会影响：基于自我报告和脑电实验的实证研究

网购过程中商品页面呈现的观察学习信息是消费者购买决策的重要信息来源。本文基于社会影响理论构建了累计销量和收藏人数两种在线观察学习信息影响消费者购买决策的理论模型,深入探讨两类信息对消费者购买态度、意愿和情绪的影响。通过自我报告与脑电实验相结合的研究结果表明：累计销量的影响属于信息性社会影响,积极和消极的累计销量信息对购买态度和意愿的影响是不对称的;EEG数据显示,信息性社会影响与消极情绪有关;收藏人数的影响属于规范性社会影响,它对购买意愿有显著的正向影响;EEG数据显示,规范性社会影响与积极的情绪诱发有关。研究结论揭示了两类观察学习信息的社会影响差异,对于商家及电商平台展开有针对性的促销策略都具有实际指导意义,同时脑电实验方法的应用为消费者行为研究提供了新的视角。     

中国情境下消费者CSR响应的群体细分及影响机理研究

根据消费者响应企业社会责任(Corporate Social Responsibility,CSR)行为的四个维度即关注、信任、企业评价和购买意愿,本研究将中国消费者细分为热情型(N=205)、现实型(N=182)和精明型(N=148)三类。进一步的研究表明,CSR对三类消费者购买意愿的影响机理存在差异。热情型消费者对企业CSR行为的购买支持主要源于内在的社会责任意识或价值观;现实型消费者在行为层面的CSR响应则主要源于经济理性(即将CSR看作企业和企业产品可靠性的信号),并且会呈现对比效应,即:在正面CSR信息的刺激下,对质量低或质量平平的产品反而会表现出更消极的购买意愿;精明型消费者在购买决策中不会考虑CSR因素。然而,不论对于何种类型的消费者群体,CSR均对消费者的企业评价具有积极影响。本研究旨在为企业CSR实践提供策略性的指导和建议。     

过失型、蓄意型产品伤害危机对品牌组合购买意愿影响研究——消费者负面情感的中介作用

本研究运用准实验室法探究过失型、蓄意型副品牌伤害危机对品牌组合购买意愿的影响:蓄意型产品伤害危机引发的消费者负面情感强度和品牌组合购买意愿变动程度显著高于过失型;在产品伤害危机对品牌组合购买意愿影响过程中,消费者负面情感强度发挥了部分中介作用。     

网络团购情景下价格折扣与购买人数对消费者冲动购买意愿的影响机制研究

随着电子商务的飞速发展,在线冲动购买已成为一种普遍的现象并开始引起研究者们的关注.论文基于S-O-R模型,研究网络团购情景下两个重要因素:价格折扣与购买人数如何通过影响消费者的购买情绪及感知风险,从而影响冲动购买意愿,并提出了冲动购买的形成机制模型.本研究通过一个眼动实验收集眼动数据和问卷数据对理论模型进行了检验.问卷数据的分析结果显示(1)价格折扣与购买人数都对消费者唤起感具有显著积极影响,但只有价格折扣对于消费者感知风险具有消极影响;(2)唤起感与感知风险都通过对愉悦感的积极/消极作用对消费者冲动购买意愿产生影响;(3)购买人数正向调节价格折扣对唤起感的正向作用.眼动数据的分析结果进一步支持了这些结论,并提供了可能的解释.     

多渠道零售环境下消费者渠道选择意愿形成机理研究——产品类别特征的调节作用

传统与网络结合的多渠道正成为零售业的标准模式,多渠道零售环境下,消费者渠道决策发生了根本变化,在不同购买决策过程阶段运用不同渠道的行为日益普遍,但尚未有文献基于搜索信息和产品购买两个阶段,引入产品类别特征对消费者渠道选择意愿形成机理展开研究。运用感知价值理论、信任转移理论构建了消费者搜索意愿和购买意愿形成机理概念模型,分析了渠道属性、渠道内锁定、渠道间协同对消费者搜索与购买意愿的影响及产品搜索性与风险性对其的调节作用,运用联立方程建模并求解发现：渠道属性、渠道内锁定、渠道间协同显著影响消费者搜索意愿和购买意愿;购买高风险搜索产品（如计算机、手机）、低风险搜索产品（如书、文具）、高风险体验产品（如服装、化妆品）、低风险体验产品（如玩具、零食）时,渠道属性、渠道内锁定、渠道间协同对消费者渠道选择意愿的影响存在明显差异;渠道搜索属性如信息有效性、搜索便利性、品种丰富性、社会互动性正向影响消费者搜索意愿,搜索努力负向影响消费者搜索意愿,渠道购买属性如服务质量、购买便利性、享乐性正向影响消费者购买意愿,购买努力、购买风险负向影响消费者购买意愿;传统渠道具有锁定性,网络渠道缺乏锁定性,但购买低风险搜索产品时,网络渠道具有锁定性;购买高风险产品时,传统渠道与网络渠道存在协同性,对于高风险搜索产品,消费者网络渠道搜索意愿正向影响其传统渠道购买意愿,而对于高风险体验产品,还存在消费者传统渠道搜索意愿正向影响其网络渠道购买意愿的协同性,但对于低风险产品,传统渠道与网络渠道缺乏协同性。     

在线消费者感知不确定性及其影响因素的作用

本文从消费者行为角度探索在线消费者感知不确定性的原理以及不同影响因素对减少感知不确定性的作用.在研究中,我们将消费者感知不确定性分为商品感知不确定性和卖家行为感知不确定性,研究的影响因素包括商品属性体验、在线沟通、买家评价以及C2C网站保障.通过对淘宝网的买家进行实证研究发现,各影响因素能显著减少商品感知不确定性,并由此间接地减少卖家行为感知不确定性.其中,在线沟通还有助于直接消除买家对卖家行为的感知不确定性.此外,研究结果也显示,卖家行为感知不确定性显著地影响买家购买意愿,而商品感知不确定性则通过卖家行为不确定性间接影响买家购买意愿.根据实证结果,本研究主张当前C2C急待解决的主要问题是建立更加完善的保障机制和制定更公平的交易规则,以有效消除卖家行为不确定性,减少交易过程的信息不对称性.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Job strain and psychotropic drug use among white-collar workers

The main objective of this study was to measure the association between simultaneous exposure to high psychological demand and low decision latitude at work and the use of psychotropic drugs among white-collar workers. A second objective was to determine whether social support at work modified this association. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 2786 workers from the public sector in the Greater Quebec City area. A self-administered questionnaire was used in order to evaluate psychological demand, decision latitude and social support at work. Psychotropic drug use was measured over a period of 2 days. The prevalence of psychotropic drug use among the participants was found to be 3.9%, even though 20.5% were exposed to job strain. The association between job strain and psychotropic drug use, after adjustment for social support at work, age, gender, education, family income, employment status, occupation, stressful life events, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, was statistically significant (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% CI 1.7?12.2). Social support did not appear to modify this association. The results of this study suggest that job strain might be a determinant of psychotropic drug use among white collar workers. Social support at work does not appear, however, to modify this association.     

Role clarity, work overload and organizational support: multilevel evidence of the importance of support

The present study extended the demands-control-support model used in occupational stress research in two ways. First, it hypothesized that role clarity (i.e. role ambiguity), like control, would moderate the relationship between demands and psychological strain. Second, the study assessed support (from leaders) as a macro characteristic of the work-group environment. Data were drawn from a large study of US army soldiers, the study sample consisting of 1786 lower enlisted male soldiers. The inclusion of support as a work-group characteristic lead to a multilevel test of the model. A three-way multilevel interaction among work demands, role clarity and support was observed. As predicted, the relationship between demands and psychological strain was moderated by role clarity; however, this moderating relationship was found only when work-group support was high.     

Leadership, levels of analysis, and déjà vu: Modest proposals for taxonomy and cladistics coupled with replication and visualization

In the inaugural issue of LQ's Yearly Review of Leadership, Hunt and Dodge (2000, p. 442) note that, “Within the last two decades, one of the crucial developments in organizational research in general, and in leadership research specifically, is the articulation of specific levels of analysis and their implications for theory building, measurement, and observation.” Their original observations are updated by extending the inferential logic of Yammarino, Dionne, Chun and Dansereau (2005) to determine if any increase in the utilization of a level of analysis perspective has occurred in the last five years. The possible evolution of leadership theory and analysis is discussed, especially with reference to Relational Leadership Theory, Leader–Member Exchange, and Individualized Dyadic Theory. Proposals incorporating taxonomic and visualization tools as a means to help bridge the stakeholder gap are also offered.     

Information Frictions in Trade

It is costly to learn about market conditions elsewhere, especially in developing countries. This paper examines how such information frictions affect trade. Using data on regional agricultural trade in the Philippines, I first document a number of observed patterns in trade flows and prices that suggest the presence of information frictions. I then incorporate information frictions into a perfect competition trade model by embedding a process whereby heterogeneous producers engage in a costly sequential search process to determine where to sell their produce. I show that introducing information frictions reconciles the theory with the observed patterns in the data. Structural estimation of the model finds that information frictions are quantitatively important: roughly half the observed regional price dispersion is due to information frictions. Furthermore, incorporating information frictions improves the out‐of‐sample predictive power of the model.     

The Economics of Density: Evidence From the Berlin Wall

This paper develops a quantitative model of internal city structure that features agglomeration and dispersion forces and an arbitrary number of heterogeneous city blocks. The model remains tractable and amenable to empirical analysis because of stochastic shocks to commuting decisions, which yield a gravity equation for commuting flows. To structurally estimate agglomeration and dispersion forces, we use data on thousands of city blocks in Berlin for 1936, 1986, and 2006 and exogenous variation from the city's division and reunification. We estimate substantial and highly localized production and residential externalities. We show that the model with the estimated agglomeration parameters can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the observed changes in city structure. We show how our quantitative framework can be used to undertake counterfactuals for changes in the organization of economic activity within cities in response, for example, to changes in the transport network.     

Modelling end-of-life product recovery chains - a case study

European Union legislation, and existing national legislation of many European countries, mandates that manufacturers take back and recover their electronic and electrical equipment. If manufacturers are to comply with legislation, models need to be developed for these activities. Whilst infrastructural and technological deficits exist and must be addressed, so too must the organization of recovery, from a business perspective. In this paper, models of resource recovery are presented and a case study described.