制造业单项冠军企业数字创新战略及其适配组态研究

数字技术是否显著冲击了企业创新活动的要素构成与资源配置关系，直接影响着制造业单项冠军企业数字创新战略的制定，也是引导制造企业在数字化情境下优化创新要素、提升资源配置效率的核心问题。基于“迈尔斯—斯诺”战略类型分析框架，使用制造业单项冠军企业上市样本数据，以多因素组态视角分析了动态能力（感知能力/整合能力）、冗余资源、环境动态性与数字创新（探索式/利用式数字创新）4个前因条件对企业绩效的组态效应，并对典型案例进行了验证性分析，研究发现：（1）存在4类能够产生高企业绩效的数字创新适配组态：“捕获—突破”型、“编排—开拓”型、“协同—共创”型与“自驱—并创”型。前两类可归纳为探索式数字创新战略模式，后两类可归纳为双元数字创新战略模式；（2）高环境动态性下，强感知能力是制造业单项冠军企业通过探索式数字创新战略模式获取高绩效的关键条件；（3）非高环境动态性下，高冗余资源与单一动态能力（感知能力/整合能力）是制造业单项冠军企业通过双元数字创新战略模式产生高绩效的关键条件；（4）科技型制造企业更倾向于探索式数字创新战略模式，而传统制造领域企业在资源充盈时更倾向于双元数字创新战略模式。本文研究结论一方...     

利用式与探索式学习对管理创新的影响研究

基于利用式学习与探索式学习平衡与互补的视角,分析两种学习方式对企业管理创新的影响效应。运用珠三角地区330家企业的问卷调查数据进行实证检验,结果表明,利用式学习对管理创新有着显著的正向影响;探索式学习对管理创新有着显著的正向二次曲线影响;它们之间的平衡与互补均能显著促进企业的管理创新。     

管理创新与中小企业竞争优势——资源拼凑能力的非线性中介作用和领导下属认知一致性的调节作用

基于能力建构视角以及个体-环境匹配理论，引入资源拼凑能力变量，探究管理创新能否通过资源拼凑能力提升中小企业竞争优势的过程机制，并分析领导下属认知一致性的情境效应。以453份华南地区中小型制造企业纵向跟踪调查问卷数据为样本，采用Haans等建议的三步骤曲线检验以及Bootstrap的非线性中介检验、John-Neyman调节分析技术，对假设进行实证检验，得出以下结论：(1)管理创新与中小企业竞争优势的总效应存在边际效应递减，“过犹不及”效应未得到实证数据支持。(2)在不考虑领导下属认知一致性的情境下，由于管理创新与资源拼凑能力存在倒U型关系，适度管理创新能够通过资源拼凑能力的间接作用提升中小企业竞争优势；然而当管理创新开展过多时，其无法通过资源拼凑能力的间接作用提升中小企业竞争优势。(3)在较高领导下属认知一致性情境下，由于管理创新与资源拼凑能力的倒U型曲线拐点后的负向效应得到抑制，此时，资源拼凑能力促成了管理创新与中小企业竞争优势的“边际递减”,而“过犹不及”效应未得到实证数据支持的结果。本研究结果解释了中小企业管理创新提升竞争优势的非线性传导机制与情境依赖条件，有助于为中小企业管理创...     

董事会社会资本对企业双元创新的影响机理：文献述评与理论框架

从双元创新嵌入其间的企业内外部关系网络出发,系统梳理归纳双元创新和董事会社会资本领域的研究脉络、理论发现和最新进展,构建“董事会内/外部社会资本-利用式创新/探索式创新-双元平衡”的理论模型。揭示董事会社会资本作用于双元创新的内在机理,提出董事会内外部社会资本交互整合是实现双元创新的重要组织路径,并从组织禀赋与群体互动过程两个视角识别影响二者间关系的潜在情境因素。     

高科技企业组织学习与双元创新关系实证研究

组织学习和创新对高科技企业的生存和发展有重要的理论和现实意义。探索和利用是组织学习和创新领域学者们共同关注的焦点,现有研究将探索式学习与探索式创新等同、将利用式学习与利用式创新等同,然而学习是过程,创新是结果,二者不可等同。从组织学习与创新之间的过程-结果关系出发,引入动态能力作为中介变量,构建组织学习、动态能力、双元创新的理论模型,收集来自计算机软件、生物医药、电信与通讯、新能源等高科技行业企业的218份有效问卷进行模型验证,采用SPSS 20．0软件进行数据分析。研究结果表明,组织学习对双元创新均有正向影响,但不同的组织学习方式对不同类型创新的正向影响程度不同,利用式学习主要促进渐进性创新,探索式学习主要促进突破性创新。动态能力在组织学习与双元创新之间发挥中介作用,协调整合能力是利用式学习促进渐进性创新的中介变量,重组转型能力是探索式学习促进突破性创新的中介变量。     

创业导向与探索式创新的关系：一个双中介效应模型

  创业导向对探索式创新的影响决定创业企业在不确定商业生态环境中的市场机会捕捉能力和价值创造效果。虽然已有研究部分证实了创业导向与探索式创新的相互作用,但面对创业企业生存环境不确定性更高、资源约束更明显的事实,创业企业如何借助合理的战略决策和高效的资源使用行为帮助自身实现由生存到发展的过渡显得尤为重要,鲜有研究对此类问题予以深入探讨。         基于战略创业理论、创新管理理论和资源基础观理论,以创业导向为解释变量,以探索式创新为被解释变量,引入战略灵活性和创业拼凑两个可能影响导向与产出关系的关键要素,探讨创业导向对探索式创新的直接影响,以及战略灵活性和创业拼凑可能起到的特殊中介作用。借鉴并改进已有研究的成熟量表形成问卷,选取深圳的创业企业为调研对象,以电子邮件的形式发放问卷,基于最终获得的283份有效问卷,采用结构方程和双中介模型的研究方法,全面检验创业导向、战略灵活性、创业拼凑与探索式创新之间的关系。         研究结果表明,创业导向、战略灵活性和创业拼凑均对探索式创新产生促进作用;创业导向与战略灵活性呈显著的正相关关系,也对创业拼凑产生积极影响;战略灵活性与创业拼凑呈显著的正相关关系。创业拼凑在创业导向与探索式创新之间和战略灵活性与探索式创新之间起部分中介作用。由战略灵活性和创业拼凑形成的中介链部分中介了创业导向与探索式创新之间的关系。         研究结论从导向-策略-行为-产出的研究框架拓展了战略创业理论的研究内容,揭示了创业导向、战略灵活性、创业拼凑与探索式创新之间的关系机理,为创业企业理解战略灵活性和创业拼凑的影响、充分实践和发挥创业导向的创新精神、促进探索式创新活动的持续开展提供了重要的理论依据和经验证据。     

高管行业低谷经历对企业双元创新模式选择的影响研究

高管的过往经历会对企业决策产生重要影响。基于熊彼特关于传统行业经济结构失调的创新突破理论与高管早期负面经历对创新的消极影响研究之间的悖论,提出高管的行业低谷经历这一特殊负面经历对企业创新产生的影响研究。在创新理论和烙印理论的机理研究基础上,整合2010—2015年沪、深A股上市公司高管经历的相关数据集,通过理论推理、实证分析并验证了高管行业低谷经历与企业双元创新模式选择之间的关系。研究结果表明,高管的行业低谷经历会促使高管在进行企业双元创新模式选择时更偏向探索式创新;当高管具有跨行业经历、跨组织机构经历及两种叠加经历时,其行业低谷经历对探索式创新的偏向会更加明显。     

网络情境下企业双元能力的动态适应与创新绩效

在5G等信息技术快速发展的今天,企业需要多种能力应付不断变化的外部世界。在开放式网络组织中成功的企业往往具有双元特征,既能有效管理当前需求还可以适应未来的发展变化,称之为双元能力。随着时间的推移,组织的双元能力是趋于加强还是走向失衡?哪些因素影响组织双元能力的动态变化?本文基于组织双元理论和技术创新管理理论,从平衡和适应两个方面对企业双元能力进行解耦,探析双元能力从平衡到适应的演变过程,并结合开放式创新背景下开发式联盟和探索式联盟的互动关系,以及网络惯例的相关研究,进一步考察了双元能力在不同状态下对企业创新绩效的影响机制,并基于234份有效问卷进行实证分析,研究发现:组织在发展过程中,当外部环境的变化不大时,下一个阶段内探索与开发分配的变化程度就会越小;当外部环境变化激烈时,组织探索与开发的分配就会根据外部的需求产生变化,进而产生与外界发展相适应的能力;不管是双元能力整体水平还是双元能力差异不平衡性都对企业的创新绩效产生正向影响,网络多元化对双元能力整体水平与创新绩效的影响不显著,而网络多元化正向调节双元能力差异不平衡性与创新绩效的关系;不管是双元能力的整体水平还是双元能力的差异不平衡...     

创业网络、资源拼凑与新创企业绩效的关系研究

  创业网络为新创企业获取资源、突破资源约束困境提供了可能,能否将创业网络中潜在的资源真正转化为新创企业成长绩效,取决于其对资源进行拼凑的程度。已有研究在相关领域有所探讨,但是尚需对创业网络进行细分,探讨资源拼凑的中介作用,并讨论资源拼凑影响新创企业绩效的情景条件。         基于资源基础理论和社会网络理论,将创业网络分为均包括网络规模、网络多样性、关系强度的正式网络和非正式网络,理论推演出两类创业网络影响新创企业绩效的机制以及资源拼凑的中介作用,从创业学习的角度探讨利用式学习和探索式学习在资源拼凑与新创企业绩效关系中的调节作用。采用问卷调查方法收集204份来自新创企业的有效问卷,运用Spss 23.0和Mplus 7.4检验数据质量、变量间关系和研究假设。         研究结果表明,创业网络是影响新创企业绩效的重要因素,正式网络多样性和关系强度对新创企业绩效有显著的正向影响,正式网络规模的正向影响未通过显著性检验;非正式网络规模、网络多样性和关系强度对新创企业绩效有显著的正向影响;资源拼凑在正式网络的网络多样性和关系强度以及非正式网络的网络规模、网络多样性、关系强度对新创企业绩效的影响中起中介作用;探索式学习在资源拼凑对新创企业绩效的影响中起正向调节作用,利用式学习的调节作用不显著。         从资源的来源角度深度剖析正式网络和非正式网络对新创企业绩效的影响,揭示资源拼凑在其中的中介机制,通过创业学习界定资源拼凑影响新创企业绩效的情景。研究结果启示新创企业在构建正式网络时应重质不重量,积极构建多样性的正式网络并扩大非正式网络规模,加强与非正式网络成员的联系。同时,应善于资源整合和拼凑,实现对资源的创造性利用,并注重创业学习的作用,尤其是加强探索式学习。     

内部薪酬差距、高管团队社会资本与企业双元创新

数字经济时代,如何提升企业双元创新是业界关注的重要议题。本文以2007—2017年沪深A股非金融类上市公司为样本数据,基于锦标赛理论和行为理论,系统研究了企业内部薪酬差距对双元创新的影响效应。实证研究发现,企业内部薪酬差距与利用式创新呈正相关关系,而与探索式创新呈倒U型关系。而且,以上关系会受到高管团队社会资本的负向调节。拓展性研究表明,企业内部薪酬差距是影响企业双元平衡战略选择的重要因素。另外,内部薪酬差距与企业双元创新的既定关系在非国企以及数字经济发展水平低的地区中更为明显。本文研究结论对企业如何设计、完善薪酬结构以及提升企业双元创新具有重要的指导意义。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.